ls lists files and directories, and their associated metadata, such as file size, ownership, and modification time. With no options, ls lists the files contained in the current directory, sorting them alphabetically.
Do not ignore entries starting with ".", providing visibility to hidden files (those starting with a ".")
-A, --almost-all
Do not list implied "." and "..".
--author
With -l, print the author of each file.
-b, --escape
Print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters.
--block-size=size
Scale sizes by size before printing them. For example, '--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes. See size format below.
-B, --ignore-backups
Do not list implied entries ending with "~".
-c
With -lt:, sort by and show the ctime (time of last modification of file status information); with -l:, show ctime and sort by name; otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first.
-C
List entries by columns.
--color[=when]
Colorize the output. when defaults to 'always' or can be 'never' or 'auto'.
-d, --directory
List directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links.
-D, --dired
Generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode.
-f
Do not sort, enable -aU, and disable -ls --color.
-F, --classify
Append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries.
--file-type
Similar to --classify, except do not append '*'
--format=word
Formats according to the following: across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C.
--full-time
Like -l --time-style=full-iso.
-g
Like -l, but do not list owner.
--group-directories-first
Group directories before files. Can be augmented with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping.
-G, --no-group
In a long listing, don't print group names.
-h, --human-readable
With -l, print sizes in human-readable format (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G).
--si
Like --human-readable, but use powers of 1000, not 1024.
-H, --dereference-command-line
Follow symbolic links listed on the command line.
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
Follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory.
--hide=pattern
Do not list implied entries matching shell pattern (overridden by -a or -A).
--indicator-style=word
Append indicator with style word to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F).
-i, --inode
Print the index number of each file.
-I, --ignore=pattern
Do not list implied entries matching shell pattern.
-k, --kibibytes
Use 1024-byte blocks.
-l
Use a long listing format.
-L, --dereference
When showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself.
-m
Fill width with a comma separated list of entries.
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
Like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs.
-N, --literal
Print raw entry names (don't treat e.g., control characters specially).
-o
Like -l, but do not list group information.
-p, --indicator-style=slash
Append "/" indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars
Print ? instead of non graphic characters.
--show-control-chars
Show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal).
-Q, --quote-name
Enclose entry names in double quotes.
--quoting-style=word
Use quoting style word for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape.
-r, --reverse
Reverse order while sorting.
-R, --recursive
List subdirectories recursively.
-s, --size
Print the allocated size of each file, in blocks.
-S
Sort by file size.
--sort=word
Sort by word instead of name: none (-U), extension (-X), size (-S), time (-t), version (-v).
--time=word
With -l, show time as word instead of modification time: "atime" (-u), "access" (-u), "use" (-u), "ctime" (-c), or "status" (-c); use specified time as sort key if --sort=time.
--time-style=style
With -l, show times using style style.
style may be one of: "full-iso", "long-iso", "iso", "locale", "+format".
format is interpreted like 'date'; if format is "format1format2", format1 applies to non-recent files and format2 to recent files; if style is prefixed with 'posix-', style takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.
-t
Sort by modification time, newest first.
-T, --tabsize=cols
Assume tab stops at each cols instead of 8.
-u
With -lt:, sort by and show access time; with -l: show access time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time.
-U
Do not sort; list entries in directory order.
-v
Natural sort of (version) numbers within text.
-w, --width=cols
Assume screen width cols instead of current value.
-x
List entries by lines instead of by columns.
-X
Sort alphabetically by entry extension.
-Z, --context
Print any SELinux security context of each file.
-1
List one file per line.
--help
Display a help message and exit.
--version
Display version information and exit.
Size Format
size is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Units are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORSenvironment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit Status
0
Everything is OK.
1
There were minor problems; for example, could not access a subdirectory.
2
There were serious problems; for example, a command-line option could not be accessed.
Information shown in a "long" listing
To view extended information about files, use the -l option to create a "long" listing. For instance:
ls -l file.txt
...displays something like the following:
-rwxrw-r-- 1 hope hopestaff 123 Feb 03 15:36 file.txt
Here's what each part of this information means:
-
The first character represents the file type: "-" for a regular file, "d" for a directory, "l" for a symbolic link.
rwx
The next three characters represent the permissions for the file's owner: in this case, the owner may read from, write to, ore xecute the file.
rw-
The next three characters represent the permissions for members of the file group. In this case, any member of the file's owning group may read from or write to the file. The final dash is a placeholder; group members do not have permission to execute this file.
r--
The permissions for "others" (everyone else). Others may only read this file.
1
The number of hard links to this file.
hope
The file's owner.
hopestaff
The group to whom the file belongs.
123
The size of the file in blocks.
Feb 03 15:36
The file's mtime (date and time when the file was last modified).
Lists the total files in the directory and subdirectories, the names of the files in the current directory, their permissions, the number of subdirectories in directories listed, the size of the file, and the date of last modification.
ls -laxo
Lists files with permissions, shows hidden files, displays them in a column format, and suppresses group information.
ls ~
List the contents of your home directory by adding a tilde after the ls command.
ls /
List the contents of your root directory.
ls ../
List the contents of the parent directory.
ls */
List the contents of all subdirectories.
ls -d */
Display a list of directories in the current directory.
ls *.{htm,php,cgi}
List all files containing the file extension .htm, .php, or .cgi
ls -ltr
List files sorted by the time they were last modified in reverse order (most recently modified files last).
ls [aeiou]*
In the above example, only files that begin with a vowel (a, e, i, o, or u).
ls myfile.txt 2>/dev/null
Silences or suppresses any error message if the ls command does not find the file.
Tip
Please also see our explanation of the ./ and ../ directories listed in the listing of files.
ls (列出有關文件和目錄的信息)
在類似Unix的操作系統上，ls命令列出有關文件和目錄的信息。 本文檔介紹了ls的GNU / Linux版本。
On Unix-like operating systems, the ls command lists information about files and directories. This document covers the GNU/Linux version of ls.
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1 ls 運行系統環境
2 ls 說明
3 ls 語法
4 ls 例子
ls 運行系統環境
Linux
ls 說明
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ls 語法
選件
樣式可能是以下之一：“ full-iso ”，“ long-iso ”，“ iso ”，“ locale ”，“ + format ”。
格式解釋為“ 日期 ”；如果格式是“ 格式1 <換行符> FORMAT2 ”，格式1適用于非新的文件和FORMAT2到最近的文件; 如果樣式以' posix- ' 開頭，
尺寸格式
size是一個整數和可選單位（例如：10M是10 * 1024 * 1024）。單位為K，M，G，T，P，E，Z，Y（1024的冪）或KB，MB，...（1000的冪）。
默認情況下和--color = never都禁用使用顏色來區分文件類型。使用--color = auto，ls僅在將標準輸出連接到終端時才發出顏色代碼。該LS_COLORS 環境變量可以更改設置。使用dircolors命令進行設置。
退出狀態
顯示在“較長”列表中的信息
要查看有關文件的擴展信息，請使用-l選項創建“長”列表。例如：
...顯示如下內容：
以下是此信息的每個部分的含義：
-
第一個字符代表文件類型：“ - ”代表常規文件，“ d ”代表目錄，“ l ”代表符號鏈接。
rwx
接下來的三個字符代表文件的所有者的權限：在這種情況下，業主可read從，write成人禮，礦石xecute 文件。
rw-
接下來的三個字符代表文件組成員的權限。在這種情況下，文件所屬組可能的任何成員read或write到該文件。最后一個破折號是一個占位符；組成員沒有執行此文件的權限。
r--
“其他”（其他任何人）的權限。其他人可能只read此文件。
1
與此文件的硬鏈接數。
hope
文件的所有者。
hopestaff
文件所屬的組。
123
文件大小，以塊為單位。
Feb 03 15:36
文件的mtime（文件的上次修改日期和時間）。
file.txt
文件名。
Options
style may be one of: "full-iso", "long-iso", "iso", "locale", "+format".
format is interpreted like 'date'; if format is "format1format2", format1 applies to non-recent files and format2 to recent files; if style is prefixed with 'posix-', style takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.
Size Format
size is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Units are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORSenvironment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit Status
Information shown in a "long" listing
To view extended information about files, use the -l option to create a "long" listing. For instance:
...displays something like the following:
Here's what each part of this information means:
-
The first character represents the file type: "-" for a regular file, "d" for a directory, "l" for a symbolic link.
rwx
The next three characters represent the permissions for the file's owner: in this case, the owner may read from, write to, ore xecute the file.
rw-
The next three characters represent the permissions for members of the file group. In this case, any member of the file's owning group may read from or write to the file. The final dash is a placeholder; group members do not have permission to execute this file.
r--
The permissions for "others" (everyone else). Others may only read this file.
1
The number of hard links to this file.
hope
The file's owner.
hopestaff
The group to whom the file belongs.
123
The size of the file in blocks.
Feb 03 15:36
The file's mtime (date and time when the file was last modified).
file.txt
The name of the file.
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ls 例子
列出目錄和子目錄中的文件總數，當前目錄中的文件名，它們的權限，列出的目錄中子目錄的數量，文件的大小以及上次修改的日期。
列出具有權限的文件，顯示隱藏的文件，以列格式顯示它們，并取消顯示組信息。
通過在ls命令之后添加波浪號來列出主目錄的內容。
列出您的根目錄的內容。
列出父目錄的內容。
列出所有子目錄的內容。
顯示當前目錄中的目錄列表。
ls *.{htm,php,cgi}
列出所有包含文件擴展名 .htm，.php或.cgi的文件
以相反的順序列出文件的最新修改時間（最近修改的文件最后一次）。
ls [aeiou]*
在上面的示例中，僅以元音（a，e，i，o或u）開頭的文件。
ls myfile.txt 2>/dev/null
如果ls命令找不到該文件，則靜音或禁止顯示任何錯誤消息。
Lists the total files in the directory and subdirectories, the names of the files in the current directory, their permissions, the number of subdirectories in directories listed, the size of the file, and the date of last modification.
Lists files with permissions, shows hidden files, displays them in a column format, and suppresses group information.
List the contents of your home directory by adding a tilde after the ls command.
List the contents of your root directory.
List the contents of the parent directory.
List the contents of all subdirectories.
Display a list of directories in the current directory.
ls *.{htm,php,cgi}
List all files containing the file extension .htm, .php, or .cgi
List files sorted by the time they were last modified in reverse order (most recently modified files last).
ls [aeiou]*
In the above example, only files that begin with a vowel (a, e, i, o, or u).
ls myfile.txt 2>/dev/null
Silences or suppresses any error message if the ls command does not find the file.
Please also see our explanation of the ./ and ../ directories listed in the listing of files.
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其他命令行
link | ldd | last | ln | login | lsmod | lpstat | losetup | lprm | lpr | lpq | lp | lpc | locate | logname | lpadmin |