gprof produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77 programs. The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile of each caller. The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file (gmon.out, by default) which is created by programs that are compiled with the -pgoption of cc, pc, and f77. The -pg option also links in versions of the library routines that are compiled for profiling. gprof reads the given object file (the default is a.out) and establishes the relation between its symbol table and the call graph profile from gmon.out. If more than one profile file is specified, the gprof output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files.
If you use gcc 2.95.x or 3.0 to compile your binaries, you may need to add the -fprofile-arcs to the compile command line for the call graphs to be properly stored in gmon.out.
gprof calculates the amount of time spent in each routine. Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph. Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time of the cycle.
Several forms of output are available from the analysis:
The flat profile shows how much time your program spent in each function, and how many times that function was called. If you want to know which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here.
The call graph shows, for each function, which functions called it, which other functions it called, and how many times. There is also an estimate of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function. This can suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a lot of time.
The annotated source listing is a copy of the program's source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the program was executed.
c-parse.o：00000000 T yyparsec-parse.o：00000004 C yyerrflagc-lang.o：00000000 Tmay_objc_method_namec-lang.o：00000000 T print_lang_statisticsc-lang.o：00000000 Tognize_objc_keywordc-decl.o：00000000 T print_lang_identifierc- decl.o：00000000 T print_lang_type ...
These options specify which of several output formats gprof should produce.
Many of these options take an optional symspec to specify functions to be included or excluded. These options can be specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include or exclude sets of symbols.
Specifying any of these options overrides the default (-p -q), which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis for all functions.
-A[symspec], --annotated-source[=symspec]
The -A option causes gprof to print annotated source code. If symspec is specified, print output only for matching symbols.
-b, --brief
If the -b option is given, gprof doesn't print the verboseblurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in the tables. This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or are tired of seeing the blurbs.
-C[symspec], --exec-counts[=symspec]
The -C option causes gprof to print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called. If symspec is specified, print tally only for matching symbols.
If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying the -l option, along with -C, will cause basic-block execution counts to be tallied and displayed.
-i, --file-info
The -i option causes gprof to display summary information about the profile data file(s) and then exit. The number of histogram, call graph, and basic-block count records is displayed.
-I dirs, --directory-path=dirs
The -I option specifies a list of search directories in which to find source files. Environment variable GPROF_PATHcan also be used to convey this information. Used mostly for annotated source output.
-J[symspec], --no-annotated-source[=symspec]
The -J option causes gprof not to print annotated source code. If symspec is specified, gprof prints annotated source, but excludes matching symbols.
-L, --print-path
Normally, source filenames are printed with the path component suppressed. The -L option causes gprof to print the full pathname of source filenames, which is determined from symbolic debugging information in the image file and is relative to the directory in which the compiler was invoked.
-p[symspec], --flat-profile[=symspec]
The -p option causes gprof to print a flat profile. If symspec is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols.
-P[symspec], --no-flat-profile[=symspec]
The -P option causes gprof to suppress printing a flat profile. If symspec is specified, gprof prints a flat profile, but excludes matching symbols.
-q[symspec], --graph[=symspec]
The -q option causes gprof to print the call graph analysis. If symspec is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols and their children.
-Q[symspec], --no-graph[=symspec]
The -Q option causes gprof to suppress printing the call graph. If symspec is specified, gprof prints a call graph, but excludes matching symbols.
-t, --table-length=num
The -t option causes the num most active source lines in each source file to be listed when source annotation is enabled. The default is 10.
-y, --separate-files
This option affects annotated source output only. Normally, gprof prints annotated source files to standard output. If this option is specified, annotated source for a file named path/filename is generated in the file filename-ann. If the underlying file system would truncate filename-ann so that it overwrites the original filename, gprof generates annotated source in the file filename.ann instead (if the original file name has an extension, that extension is replaced with .ann).
-Z[symspec], --no-exec-counts[=symspec]
The -Z option causes gprof not to print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called. If symspec is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols.
-r, --function-ordering
The --function-ordering option causes gprof to print a suggested function ordering for the program based on profiling data. This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and cache behavior for the program on systems which support arbitrary ordering of functions in an executable.
The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this manual.
-R map_file, --file-orderingmap_file
The --file-ordering option causes gprof to print a suggested .o link line ordering for the program based on profiling data. This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and cache behavior for the program on systems which do not support arbitrary ordering of functions in an executable.
Use of the -a argument is highly recommended with this option.
The map_file argument is a pathname to a file which provides function name to object file mappings. The format of the file is similar to the output of the program nm.
c-parse.o:00000000 T yyparsec-parse.o:00000004 C yyerrflagc-lang.o:00000000 T maybe_objc_method_namec-lang.o:00000000 T print_lang_statisticsc-lang.o:00000000 T recognize_objc_keywordc-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_identifierc-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_type...
To create a map_file with GNU nm, type a command like "nm --extern-only --defined-only -v --print-file-name program-name".
-T, --traditional
The -T option causes gprof to print its output in "traditional" BSD style.
-w width, --width=width
Sets width of output lines to width. Currently only used when printing the function index at the bottom of the call graph.
-x, --all-lines
This option affects annotated source output only. By default, only the lines at the beginning of a basic-block are annotated. If this option is specified, every line in a basic-block is annotated by repeating the annotation for the first line.
--demangle[=style], --no-demangle
These options control whether C++ symbol names should be demangled when printing output. The default is to demangle symbols. The --no-demangle option may be used to turn off demangling. Different compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler.
Analysis Options
-a --no-static
The -a option causes gprof to suppress the printing of statically declared (private) functions. (These are functions whose names are not listed as global, and that are not visible outside the file/function/block where they were defined.) Time spent in these functions, calls to/from them, etc., will all be attributed to the function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file. This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph.
-c --static-call-graph
The -c option causes the call graph of the program to be augmented by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object file and identifies function calls in the binary machine code. Since normal call graph records are only generated when functions are entered, this option identifies children that could have been called, but never were. Calls to functions that were not compiled with profiling enabled are also identified, but only if symbol table entries are present for them. Calls to dynamic library routines are typically not found by this option. Parents or children identified via this heuristic are indicated in the call graph with call counts of 0.
-D, --ignore-non-functions
The -D option causes gprof to ignore symbols that are not known to be functions. This option gives more accurate profile data on systems where it is supported (Solaris and HPUX for example).
-k from/to
The -k option allows you to delete from the call graph any arcs from symbols matching symspec from to those matching symspec to.
-l --line
The -l option enables line-by-line profiling, which causes histogram hits to be charged to individual source code lines, instead of functions. This feature only works with programs compiled by older versions of the gcc compiler. Newer versions of gcc are designed to work with the gcov tool instead.
If the program was compiled with basic-block counting enabled, this option will also identify how many times each line of code was executed. While line-by-line profiling can help isolate where in a large function a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases the running time of gprof, and magnifies statistical inaccuracies.
-m num, --min-count=num
This option affects execution count output only. Symbols that are executed less than num times are suppressed.
-nsymspec, --time=symspec
The -n option causes gprof, in its call graph analysis, to only propagate times for symbols matching symspec.
-Nsymspec, --no-time=symspec
The -n option causes gprof, in its call graph analysis, not to propagate times for symbols matching symspec.
-Sfilename, --external-symbol-table=filename
The -S option causes gprof to read an external symbol table file, such as /proc/kallsyms, rather than read the symbol table from the given object file (the default is "a.out"). This is useful for profiling kernel modules.
-z, --display-unused-functions
If you give the -z option, gprof will mention all functions in the flat profile, even those that were never called, and that had no time spent in them. This is useful in conjunction with the -c option for discovering which routines were never called.
Miscellaneous Options
-d[num], --debug[=num]
The -d num option specifies debugging options. If num is not specified, enable all debugging.
-h, --help
The -h option prints command line usage.
-Oname, --file-format=name
Selects the format of the profile data files. Recognized formats are auto(the default), bsd, 4.4bsd, magic, and prof (not yet supported).
-s, --sum
The -s option causes gprof to summarize the information in the profile data files it read in, and write out a profile data file called gmon.sum, which contains all the information from the profile data files that gprof read in. The file gmon.sum may be one of the specified input files; the effect of this is to merge the data in the other input files into gmon.sum.
Eventually you can run gprof again without -s to analyze the cumulative data in the file gmon.sum.
-v, --version
The -v flag causes gprof to print the current version number, and then exit.
Deprecated Options
These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs.
-e function_name
The -e function option tells gprof to not print information about the function function_name (and its children...) in the call graph. The function will still be listed as a child of any functions that call it, but its index number will be shown as [not printed]. More than one -e option may be given; only one function_name may be indicated with each -e option.
-E function_name
The -E function option works like the -e option, but time spent in the function (and children who were not called from anywhere else), will not be used to compute the percentages-of-time for the call graph. More than one -E option may be given; only one function_name may be indicated with each -E option.
-f function_name
The -f function option causes gprof to limit the call graph to the function function_name and its children (and their children...). More than one -foption may be given; only one function_name may be indicated with each -f option.
-F function_name
The -F function option works like the -f option, but only time spent in the function and its children (and their children...) will be used to determine total-time and percentages-of-time for the call graph. More than one -Foption may be given; only one function_name may be indicated with each -F option. The -F option overrides the -E option.
gprof (調(diào)用圖配置文件數(shù)據(jù))
在類Unix操作系統(tǒng)上，gprof命令是一個(gè)軟件開發(fā)工具，用于顯示編譯的二進(jìn)制文件的調(diào)用圖配置文件數(shù)據(jù)。
On Unix-like operating systems, the gprof command is a software developement tool that displays call graph profile data of a compiled binary.
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1 gprof 運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)環(huán)境
2 gprof 描述
3 gprof 語(yǔ)法
4 gprof 選項(xiàng)
gprof 運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)環(huán)境
Unix&Linux
gprof 描述
gprof生成C、Pascal或Fortran77程序的執(zhí)行概要文件。被調(diào)用例程的效果包含在每個(gè)調(diào)用方的配置文件中。配置文件數(shù)據(jù)取自調(diào)用圖配置文件(gmon.out公司，這是由使用cc、pc和f77的-pg選項(xiàng)編譯的程序創(chuàng)建的。pg選項(xiàng)還鏈接到為評(píng)測(cè)而編譯的庫(kù)例程的版本。gprof讀取給定的對(duì)象文件（默認(rèn)為a.out），并從中建立其符號(hào)表和調(diào)用圖配置文件之間的關(guān)系gmon.out公司. 如果指定了多個(gè)配置文件，gprof輸出將顯示給定配置文件中配置文件信息的總和。
如果使用GCC 2.95.x或3.0來(lái)編譯二進(jìn)制文件，則可能需要將-fprofile-arcs添加到編譯命令行，以便調(diào)用圖正確存儲(chǔ)在gmon.out中。
gprof計(jì)算每個(gè)例程花費(fèi)的時(shí)間。接下來(lái)，這些時(shí)間沿調(diào)用圖的邊緣傳播。發(fā)現(xiàn)周期，并調(diào)用周期以共享周期的時(shí)間。
分析提供了幾種形式的輸出：
gprof produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77 programs. The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile of each caller. The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file (gmon.out, by default) which is created by programs that are compiled with the -pgoption of cc, pc, and f77. The -pg option also links in versions of the library routines that are compiled for profiling. gprof reads the given object file (the default is a.out) and establishes the relation between its symbol table and the call graph profile from gmon.out. If more than one profile file is specified, the gprof output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files.
If you use gcc 2.95.x or 3.0 to compile your binaries, you may need to add the -fprofile-arcs to the compile command line for the call graphs to be properly stored in gmon.out.
gprof calculates the amount of time spent in each routine. Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph. Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time of the cycle.
Several forms of output are available from the analysis:
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gprof 語(yǔ)法
gprof [ -[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ -[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][name] ] [ -I dirs ] [ -d[num] ] [ -k from/to ] [ -m min-count ] [ -R map_file ] [ -t table-length ] [ --[no-]annotated-source[=name] ] [ --[no-]exec-counts[=name] ] [ --[no-]flat-profile[=name] ] [ --[no-]graph[=name] ] [ --[no-]time=name] [ --all-lines ] [ --brief ] [ --debug[=level] ] [ --function-ordering ] [ --file-ordering map_file ] [ --directory-path=dirs ] [ --display-unused-functions ] [ --file-format=name ] [ --file-info ] [ --help ] [ --line ] [ --min-count=n ] [ --no-static ] [ --print-path ] [ --separate-files ] [ --static-call-graph ] [ --sum ] [ --table-length=len ] [ --traditional ] [ --version ] [ --width=n ] [ --ignore-non-functions ] [ --demangle[=STYLE] ] [ --no-demangle ] [--external-symbol-table=name] [ image-file ] [ profile-file ... ]gprof [ -[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ -[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][name] ] [ -I dirs ] [ -d[num] ] [ -k from/to ] [ -m min-count ] [ -R map_file ] [ -t table-length ] [ --[no-]annotated-source[=name] ] [ --[no-]exec-counts[=name] ] [ --[no-]flat-profile[=name] ] [ --[no-]graph[=name] ] [ --[no-]time=name] [ --all-lines ] [ --brief ] [ --debug[=level] ] [ --function-ordering ] [ --file-ordering map_file ] [ --directory-path=dirs ] [ --display-unused-functions ] [ --file-format=name ] [ --file-info ] [ --help ] [ --line ] [ --min-count=n ] [ --no-static ] [ --print-path ] [ --separate-files ] [ --static-call-graph ] [ --sum ] [ --table-length=len ] [ --traditional ] [ --version ] [ --width=n ] [ --ignore-non-functions ] [ --demangle[=STYLE] ] [ --no-demangle ] [--external-symbol-table=name] [ image-file ] [ profile-file ... ]查看英文版
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gprof 選項(xiàng)
這些選項(xiàng)指定gprof應(yīng)該產(chǎn)生幾種輸出格式中的哪一種。
這些選項(xiàng)中的許多選項(xiàng)都帶有可選的符號(hào)規(guī)范，以指定要包括或排除的功能。可以使用不同的符號(hào)規(guī)格多次指定這些選項(xiàng)，以包括或排除符號(hào)集。
指定這些選項(xiàng)中的任何一個(gè)都會(huì)覆蓋默認(rèn)值（-p -q），該默認(rèn)值將打印平面輪廓并為所有功能調(diào)用圖分析。
如果概要文件數(shù)據(jù)文件包含基本塊計(jì)數(shù)記錄，則將-l選項(xiàng)與-C一起指定將導(dǎo)致對(duì)基本塊執(zhí)行計(jì)數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)和顯示。
如何強(qiáng)制鏈接程序以特定順序放置功能的確切詳細(xì)信息取決于系統(tǒng)，并且不在本手冊(cè)的范圍之內(nèi)。
使用-a參數(shù)。
所述MAP_FILE參數(shù)是一個(gè)路徑到提供函數(shù)名對(duì)象文件的映射的文件。文件的格式類似于程序nm的輸出。
要使用GNU nm創(chuàng)建map_file，請(qǐng)輸入“ nm --extern-only --defined-only -v --print-file-name program-name ”之類的命令。
如果在啟用基本塊計(jì)數(shù)的情況下編譯程序，則此選項(xiàng)還將標(biāo)識(shí)每行代碼執(zhí)行了多少次。雖然逐行概要分析可以幫助隔離程序在大型函數(shù)中花費(fèi)時(shí)間的位置，但它也顯著增加了gprof的運(yùn)行時(shí)間，并放大了統(tǒng)計(jì)上的不準(zhǔn)確性。
最終，您可以再次運(yùn)行不帶-s的gprof來(lái)分析文件gmon.sum中的累積數(shù)據(jù)。
這些選項(xiàng)已被使用symspecs的較新版本替換。
These options specify which of several output formats gprof should produce.
Many of these options take an optional symspec to specify functions to be included or excluded. These options can be specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include or exclude sets of symbols.
Specifying any of these options overrides the default (-p -q), which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis for all functions.
If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying the -l option, along with -C, will cause basic-block execution counts to be tallied and displayed.
The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this manual.
Use of the -a argument is highly recommended with this option.
The map_file argument is a pathname to a file which provides function name to object file mappings. The format of the file is similar to the output of the program nm.
To create a map_file with GNU nm, type a command like "nm --extern-only --defined-only -v --print-file-name program-name".
If the program was compiled with basic-block counting enabled, this option will also identify how many times each line of code was executed. While line-by-line profiling can help isolate where in a large function a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases the running time of gprof, and magnifies statistical inaccuracies.
Eventually you can run gprof again without -s to analyze the cumulative data in the file gmon.sum.
These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs.
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其他命令行
gzip,gunzip and zcat | gawk | getfacl | gpasswd | grep | groupadd | groupdel | groupmod |