apt-cache (搜索軟件包和軟件包名稱)

rose1 發表于 2020-08-05 11:48

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命令行 Unix&Linux命令 apt-cache

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apt-cache查詢高級打包工具（APT）的包緩存，這在Linux系統（例如Debian和Ubuntu）上很常見。最常見的是，它用于搜索軟件包和軟件包名稱。這對于幫助您跟蹤軟件依賴性也很有用。

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1 apt-cache 運行系統環境

2 apt-cache 說明

3 apt-cache 語法

4 apt-cache 例子

apt-cache 運行系統環境

Linux

apt-cache 說明

apt-cache對APT的程序包緩存執行各種操作。apt-cache不會操縱系統狀態，但會提供操作以從包元數據搜索并生成有趣的輸出。

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apt-cache 語法

apt-cache [-agipns] [-o=config_string] [-c=config_file]
          {gencaches | showpkg pkg... | showsrc pkg... |
          stats | dump | dumpavail | unmet | search regex... |
          show pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
          depends pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
          rdepends pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
          pkgnames [prefix] | dotty pkg [{=pkg_version_number |
          /target_release}]... | xvcg pkg [{=pkg_version_number |
          /target_release}]... | policy [pkg...] | madison pkg... |
          {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}}

指令

gencaches	創建或重新創建APT的程序包緩存。如果缺少此緩存或該緩存已過期，則需要該緩存的所有命令都會隱式完成此操作。
showpkg pkg...	顯示有關命令行中列出的軟件包的信息。其余參數是程序包名稱。顯示列出的每個程序包的可用版本和反向依賴關系，以及每個版本的正向依賴關系。前向（正常）依賴關系是相關程序包所依賴的程序包；反向依賴性是指那些依賴于所討論的軟件包的軟件包。因此，必須滿足程序包的前向依存關系，而不必滿足反向依存關系。例如，apt-cache showpkg libreadline2將產生類似于以下內容的輸出： Package: libreadline2Versions: 2.1-12(/var/state/apt/lists/foo_Packages),Reverse Depends:libreadlineg2,libreadline2libreadline2-altdev,libreadline2Dependencies:2.1-12 - libc5 (2 5.4.0-0) ncurses3.0 (0 (null))Provides:2.1-12 -Reverse Provides: 因此可以看出，libreadline2版本2.1-12取決于libc5和ncurses3.0，必須安裝它們才能使libreadline2正常工作。反過來，libreadlineg2和libreadline2-altdev依賴于libreadline2。如果已安裝libreadline2，則還必須安裝libc5和ncurses3.0（和ldso）；否則，必須先安裝libread5。無需安裝libreadlineg2和libreadline2-altdev。對于輸出的其余部分的特定含義，最好參考apt源代碼。
stats	顯示有關緩存的一些統計信息。預計不會有其他爭論。報告的統計數據是：軟件包名稱總數是在緩存中找到的軟件包名稱的數量。普通軟件包是常規，普通軟件包名稱的數量；這些程序包的名稱與依賴關系中其他程序包使用的名稱之間是一一對應的。大多數軟件包都屬于此類。純虛擬軟件包是僅作為虛擬軟件包名稱存在的軟件包的數量；也就是說，軟件包僅“提供”虛擬軟件包名稱，而沒有軟件包實際使用該名稱。例如，在Debian系統中，“ mail-transport-agent”是一個純虛擬包。有幾個軟件包提供“ mail-transport-agent”，但是沒有名為“ mail-transport-agent”的軟件包。單個虛擬軟件包是軟件包的數量，其中只有一個軟件包提供了特定的虛擬軟件包。例如，在Debian系統中，“ X11-text-viewer”是一個虛擬軟件包，但是只有一個軟件包xless提供了“ X11-text-viewer”。混合虛擬軟件包是提供特定虛擬軟件包或以虛擬軟件包名稱作為軟件包名稱的軟件包數量。例如，在Debian系統中，“ debconf”既是實際的軟件包，也由debconf-tiny軟件包提供。缺少依賴項中引用但沒有任何軟件包提供的軟件包名稱的數量。如果沒有訪問完整的發行版，或者已從發行版中刪除了某個軟件包（真實或虛擬），則可能缺少軟件包。通常，它們是從“沖突或中斷”語句中引用的。完全不同的版本總數是在緩存中找到的軟件包版本的數量；因此，該值至少等于軟件包名稱總數。如果要訪問多個分發（例如，“穩定”和“不穩定”），則此值可能會比軟件包名稱總數大得多。總依賴關系是高速緩存中所有程序包聲明的依賴關系的數量。
showsrc pkg...	顯示與給定包名稱匹配的所有源包記錄。顯示所有版本，以及所有聲明該名稱為二進制包的記錄。
dump	顯示緩存中每個軟件包的簡短列表。它主要用于調試。
dumpavail	dumpavail將可用列表打印到標準輸出。這適合與dpkg一起使用，并由dselect方法使用。
unmet	顯示軟件包緩存中所有未滿足的依賴項的摘要。
show pkg...	show執行類似于dpkg --print-avail的功能；它顯示命名軟件包的軟件包記錄。
search regex...	在給定的POSIX樣式正則表達式模式的所有可用軟件包列表上執行全文搜索。它在軟件包名稱和描述中搜索正則表達式的出現，并打印出軟件包名稱和簡短描述，包括虛擬軟件包名稱。如果給出--full，則為每個匹配的軟件包產生與show相同的輸出；如果給出--names-only，則不搜索長描述，僅軟件包名稱。可以使用單獨的參數來指定將AND在一起的多個搜索模式。
depends pkg...	顯示了軟件包具有的每個依賴關系的列表，以及可以滿足該依賴關系的所有其他可能的軟件包。
rdepends pkg...	顯示了軟件包具有的每個反向依賴性的列表。
pkgnames [prefix]	此命令顯示APT知道的每個軟件包的名稱。可選參數是前綴匹配，用于過濾名稱列表。該輸出適合在Shell Tab完整功能中使用，并且生成速度非常快。此命令最好與--generate選項一起使用。注意，APT知道的軟件包不一定可以下載，安裝或安裝（例如，虛擬軟件包也列在生成的列表中）。
dotty pkg...	在命令行中獲取軟件包列表，并從GraphViz軟件包中生成適合dotty使用的輸出。結果將是代表程序包之間關系的一組節點和邊。默認情況下，給定的軟件包將跟蹤所有相關的軟件包；這會產生非常大的圖形。要將輸出限制為僅在命令行中列出的軟件包，請設置APT :: Cache :: GivenOnly選項。生成的節點將具有多種形狀。普通包裝是盒子，純虛擬包裝是三角形，混合虛擬包裝是菱形，缺失包裝是六角形。橙色框表示遞歸已停止（葉包裝），藍線表示依賴，綠線表示沖突。 dotty無法顯示較大的軟件包集。
xvcg pkg...	一樣瘋瘋癲癲，只為xvcg從VCG工具。
policy [pkg...]	該策略旨在幫助調試與首選項文件有關的問題。沒有任何參數，它將打印出每個源的優先級。否則，它將打印出有關命名包優先級選擇的詳細信息。
madison pkg...	嘗試模仿Debian檔案管理工具madison的輸出格式和功能的子集。它以表格格式顯示軟件包的可用版本。與原始的madison不同，它只能顯示有關APT已為其檢索程序包列表（APT :: Architecture）的體系結構的信息。

選件

可以使用配置文件來設置所有命令行選項，描述指示要設置的配置選項。對于布爾選項，你可以通過使用類似覆蓋配置文件-F-，--no-F ，-f =沒有或其他變化。

-p, --pkg-cache	選擇文件以存儲程序包緩存。程序包緩存是所有操作使用的主要緩存。配置項：Dir :: Cache :: pkgcache。
-s, --src-cache	選擇要存儲源緩存的文件。該源僅由gencaches使用，它存儲來自遠程源的包信息的已解析版本。構建程序包高速緩存時，源高速緩存用于避免重新解析所有程序包文件。配置項：Dir :: Cache :: srcpkgcache。
-q, --quiet	安靜; 產生適合記錄的輸出，省略進度指示器。更多的q將產生更大的靜默度，最大為2。您也可以使用-q = ＃設置靜默度級別，從而覆蓋配置文件。配置項：安靜。
-i, --important	僅打印重要的依賴項；與unmet和依賴一起使用。原因只有Depends中和預依賴要打印的關系。配置項：APT :: Cache :: Important。
--no-pre-depends, --no-depends, --no-recommends, --no-suggests, --no-conflicts, --no-breaks, --no-replaces, --no-enhances	默認情況下，depends和rdepends打印所有依賴項。可以使用這些標志進行調整，這些標志將忽略指定的依賴項類型。配置項：APT :: Cache :: ShowDependencyType（例如，APT :: Cache :: ShowRecommends）。
-f, --full	搜索時打印完整的包裹記錄。配置項：APT :: Cache :: ShowFull。
-a, --all-versions	打印所有可用版本的完整記錄。這是默認值。要關閉它，請使用--no-all-versions。如果指定--no-all-versions，則僅顯示候選版本（將選擇要安裝的版本）。此選項僅適用于show命令。配置項：APT :: Cache :: AllVersions。
-g, --generate	執行程序包高速緩存的自動更新，而不是照原樣使用高速緩存。這是默認值。要關閉它，請使用--no-generate。配置項：APT :: Cache :: Generate。
--names-only, -n	僅搜索軟件包名稱，而不搜索詳細說明。配置項：APT :: Cache :: NamesOnly .
--all-names	使pkgnames打印所有名稱，包括虛擬軟件包和缺少的依賴項。配置項：APT :: Cache :: AllNames。
--recurse	進行makedepend和rdepends遞歸，以便所有提及的軟件包都打印一次。配置項：APT :: Cache :: RecurseDepends。
--installed	將depends和rdepends的輸出限制為當前安裝的軟件包。配置項：APT :: Cache :: Installed。
-h, --help	顯示簡短的使用摘要。
-v, --version	顯示程序版本。
-c, --config-file	配置文件；指定要使用的配置文件。該程序將讀取默認配置文件，然后讀取此配置文件。如果需要在解析默認配置文件之前設置配置設置，請使用APT_CONFIG環境變量指定一個文件。有關語法信息，請參見apt.conf。
-o, --option	設置配置選項；這將設置一個任意配置選項。語法為-o Foo :: Bar = bar。-o和--option可以多次使用以設置不同的選項。

檔案

/etc/apt/sources.list	獲取軟件包的位置。配置項：Dir :: Etc :: SourceList。
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/	用于獲取軟件包位置的文件片段。配置項：Dir :: Etc :: SourceParts。
/var/lib/apt/lists/	sources.list中指定的每個包資源的狀態信息存儲區。配置項：Dir :: State :: Lists。
/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/	狀態信息的存儲區域。配置項：Dir :: State :: Lists

apt-cache [-agipns] [-o=config_string] [-c=config_file]
          {gencaches | showpkg pkg... | showsrc pkg... |
          stats | dump | dumpavail | unmet | search regex... |
          show pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
          depends pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
          rdepends pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |
          pkgnames [prefix] | dotty pkg [{=pkg_version_number |
          /target_release}]... | xvcg pkg [{=pkg_version_number |
          /target_release}]... | policy [pkg...] | madison pkg... |
          {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}}

Commands

gencaches	creates or re-creates APT's package cache. This is done implicitly by all commands needing this cache if it is missing or outdated.
showpkg pkg...	displays information about the packages listed on the command line. Remaining arguments are package names. The available versions and reverse dependencies of each package listed are displayed, as well as forward dependencies for each version. Forward (normal) dependencies are those packages upon which the package in question depends; reverse dependencies are those packages that depend upon the package in question. Thus, forward dependencies must be satisfied for a package, but reverse dependencies need not be. For instance, apt-cache showpkg libreadline2 would produce output similar to the following: Package: libreadline2Versions: 2.1-12(/var/state/apt/lists/foo_Packages),Reverse Depends:libreadlineg2,libreadline2libreadline2-altdev,libreadline2Dependencies:2.1-12 - libc5 (2 5.4.0-0) ncurses3.0 (0 (null))Provides:2.1-12 -Reverse Provides: Thus it may be seen that libreadline2, version 2.1-12, depends on libc5 and ncurses3.0 which must be installed for libreadline2 to work. In turn, libreadlineg2 and libreadline2-altdev depend on libreadline2. If libreadline2 is installed, libc5, and ncurses3.0 (and ldso) must also be installed; libreadlineg2 and libreadline2-altdev do not have to be installed. For the specific meaning of the remainder of the output it is best to consult the apt source code.
stats	displays some statistics about the cache. No further arguments are expected. Statistics reported are: Total package names is the number of package names found in the cache. Normal packages is the number of regular, ordinary package names; these are packages that bear a one-to-one correspondence between their names and the names used by other packages for them in dependencies. The majority of packages fall into this category. Pure virtual packages is the number of packages that exist only as a virtual package name; that is, packages only "provide" the virtual package name, and no package actually uses the name. For instance, "mail-transport-agent" in the Debian system is a pure virtual package; several packages provide "mail-transport-agent", but there is no package named "mail-transport-agent". Single virtual packages is the number of packages with only one package providing a particular virtual package. For example, in the Debian system, "X11-text-viewer" is a virtual package, but only one package, xless, provides "X11-text-viewer". Mixed virtual packages is the number of packages that either provide a particular virtual package or have the virtual package name as the package name. For instance, in the Debian system, "debconf" is both an actual package, and provided by the debconf-tiny package. Missing is the number of package names that were referenced in a dependency but were not provided by any package. Missing packages may be an evidence if a full distribution is not accessed, or if a package (real or virtual) has been dropped from the distribution. Usually they are referenced from Conflicts or Breaks statements. Total distinct versions is the number of package versions found in the cache; this value is therefore at least equal to the number of total package names. If more than one distribution is being accessed (for instance, "stable" and "unstable"), this value can be considerably larger than the number of total package names. Total dependencies is the number of dependency relationships claimed by all of the packages in the cache.
showsrc pkg...	displays all the source package records that match the given package names. All versions are shown, as well as all records that declare the name to be a binary package.
dump	shows a short listing of every package in the cache. It is primarily for debugging.
dumpavail	dumpavail prints out an available list to stdout. This is suitable for use with dpkg and is used by the dselect method.
unmet	displays a summary of all unmet dependencies in the package cache.
show pkg...	show performs a function similar to dpkg --print-avail; it displays the package records for the named packages.
search regex...	performs a full text search on all available package lists for the POSIX-style regex pattern given. It searches the package names and the descriptions for an occurrence of the regular expression and prints out the package name and the short description, including virtual package names. If --full is given then output identical to show is produced for each matched package, and if --names-only is given then the long description is not searched, only the package name is. Separate arguments can be used to specify multiple search patterns that are AND'ed together.
depends pkg...	shows a listing of each dependency a package has and all the possible other packages that can fulfill that dependency.
rdepends pkg...	shows a listing of each reverse dependency a package has.
pkgnames [prefix]	This command prints the name of each package APT knows. The optional argument is a prefix match to filter the name list. The output is suitable for use in a shell tab complete function and the output is generated extremely quickly. This command is best used with the --generate option. Note that a package which APT knows of is not necessarily available to download, installable or installed (e.g., virtual packages are also listed in the generated list).
dotty pkg...	takes a list of packages on the command line and generates output suitable for use by dotty from the GraphViz package. The result will be a set of nodes and edges representing the relationships between the packages. By default, the given packages will trace out all dependent packages; this can produce a very large graph. To limit the output to only the packages listed on the command line, set the APT::Cache::GivenOnly option. The resulting nodes will have several shapes; normal packages are boxes, pure virtual packages are triangles, mixed virtual packages are diamonds, missing packages are hexagons. Orange boxes mean recursion was stopped (leaf packages), blue lines are pre-depends, green lines are conflicts. dotty cannot graph larger sets of packages.
xvcg pkg...	The same as dotty, only for xvcg from the VCG tool.
policy [pkg...]	policy is meant to help debug issues relating to the preferences file. With no arguments it will print out the priorities of each source. Otherwise, it prints out detailed information about the priority selection of the named package.
madison pkg...	attempts to mimic the output format and a subset of the functionality of the Debian archive management tool, madison. It displays available versions of a package in a tabular format. Unlike the original madison, it can only display information for the architecture for which APT has retrieved package lists (APT::Architecture).

Options

All command line options may be set using the configuration file, the descriptions indicate the configuration option to set. For boolean options you can override the config file by using something like -f-,--no-f, -f=no or other variations.

-p, --pkg-cache	Select the file to store the package cache. The package cache is the primary cache used by all operations. Configuration Item: Dir::Cache::pkgcache.
-s, --src-cache	Select the file to store the source cache. The source is used only by gencaches and it stores a parsed version of the package information from remote sources. When building the package cache the source cache is used to avoid reparsing all of the package files. Configuration Item: Dir::Cache::srcpkgcache.
-q, --quiet	Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress indicators. More q's will produce more quietness up to a maximum of 2. You can also use -q=# to set the quietness level, overriding the configuration file. Configuration Item: quiet.
-i, --important	Print only important dependencies; for use with unmet and depends. Causes only Depends and Pre-Depends relations to be printed. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::Important.
--no-pre-depends, --no-depends, --no-recommends, --no-suggests, --no-conflicts, --no-breaks, --no-replaces, --no-enhances	Per default the depends and rdepends print all dependencies. This can be tweaked with these flags which will omit the specified dependency type. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::ShowDependencyType (e.g., APT::Cache::ShowRecommends).
-f, --full	Print full package records when searching. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::ShowFull.
-a, --all-versions	Print full records for all available versions. This is the default; to turn it off, use --no-all-versions. If --no-all-versions is specified, only the candidate version will be displayed (the one which would be selected for installation). This option is only applicable to the show command. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::AllVersions.
-g, --generate	Perform automatic package cache regeneration, rather than use the cache as it is. This is the default; to turn it off, use --no-generate. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::Generate.
--names-only, -n	Only search on the package names, not the long descriptions. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::NamesOnly .
--all-names	Make pkgnames print all names, including virtual packages and missing dependencies. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::AllNames.
--recurse	Make depends and rdepends recursive so that all packages mentioned are printed once. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::RecurseDepends.
--installed	Limit the output of depends and rdepends to packages that are currently installed. Configuration Item: APT::Cache::Installed.
-h, --help	Show a short usage summary.
-v, --version	Show the program version.
-c, --config-file	Configuration File; Specify a configuration file to use. The program will read the default configuration file and then this configuration file. If configuration settings need to be set before the default configuration files are parsed specify a file with the APT_CONFIG environment variable. See apt.conf for syntax information.
-o, --option	Set a Configuration Option; This will set an arbitrary configuration option. The syntax is -o Foo::Bar=bar. -o and --option can be used multiple times to set different options.

Files

/etc/apt/sources.list	Locations of where to fetch packages. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceList.
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/	File fragments for locations of where to fetch packages. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceParts.
/var/lib/apt/lists/	Storage area for state information for each package resource specified in sources.list. Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists.
/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/	Storage area for state information in transit. Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists

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apt-cache 例子

apt-cache search opengl

在APT存儲庫中搜索名稱或描述中帶有文本opengl的軟件包。

apt-cache search opengl

Search the APT repositories for a package with the text opengl in the name or description.

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其他命令行

apt-get | ar | arch | arp | as | a2p | aspell | ac | at | awk | adduser | a2p | apropos | alias | agrep | addgroup |

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