On Unix-like operating systems, the troff command performs typesetting functions and formats documents. It is the major component of the document processing system developed by AT&T for Unix.
This document covers the GNU/Linux version of troff.
troff formats text for printers and character terminals, and is one of the most important pieces of software in Unix history.
Like roff, nroff and groff, troff is descended from a text formatting program called RUNOFF written by Jerome Saltzer for MIT's CTSS operating system in the mid-1960s. The name RUNOFF comes from the phrase "to run off a document," meaning to finalize a document, or prepare it for publication or presentation.
Later iterations of RUNOFF were called rf and then roff, and a version of roff was eventually written for Unix on a PDP-7. Eventually, it evolved in to nroff ("newer roff") and then troff ("typesetter roff"). The legendary Brian Kernighan eventually rewrote troff, giving it a more flexible syntaxand designing it to be device-independent.
Although other typesetting software packages such as LaTeX have gained prominent usage throughout the years, troff is still used extensively in Unix, and is the default type formatter for man.
This documentation is for GNU version of the troff command, which is part of the groff package and commonly used on Linux.
Options
-a
Generate an ASCII approximation of the typeset output.
-b
Print a backtrace with each warning or error message. This backtrace should help track down the cause of the error. The line numbers given in the backtrace may not always be correct, for troff's idea of line numbers gets confused by as or am requests.
-c
Disable color output (always disabled in compatibility mode).
-C
Enable compatibility mode.
-dcs, -dname=s
Define c or name to be a string s; c must be a one-letter name.
-E
Inhibit all error messages of troff. Note that this doesn't affect messages output to standard error by macro packages using the tm or tm1 requests.
-ffam
Use fam as the default font family.
-Fdir
Search in directory (or directory path) dir for subdirectories devname (where name is the name of the device), and for the DESC file and font files. The dir is scanned before all other font directories.
-i
Read the standard input after all the named input files have been processed.
-Idir
This option may be used to add a directory to the search path for files (both those on the command line and those named in .psbb requests). The search path is initialized with the current directory. This option may be specified more than once; the directories are then searched in the order specified (but before the current directory). If you want to make the current directory be read before other directories, add -I. at the appropriate place.
No directory search is performed for files with an absolute file name.
-mname
Read in the file "name.tmac". If it isn't found, "tmac.name" is tried instead. It will be first searched for in:
directories given with the -M command line option,
then in directories given in the GROFF_TMAC_PATH environment variable,
then in the current directory (only if in "unsafe" mode),
the home directory,
/usr/lib/groff/site-tmac,
/usr/share/groff/site-tmac,
and finally in /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac.
-Mdir
Search directory (or directory path) dir for macro files. This is scanned before all other macro directories.
-nnum
Number the first page num.
-olist
Output only pages in list, which is a comma-separated list of page ranges; n means print page n, m-n means print every page between m and n, -n means print every page up to n, n- means print every page from n. troff will exit after printing the last page in the list.
-rcn -rname=n
Set number register c or name to n; c must be a one character name; n can be any troff numeric expression.
-R
Don't load troffrc and troffrc-end.
-Tname
Prepare output for device name, rather than the default ps.
-U
Unsafe mode. This will enable the following requests: open, opena, pso, sy, and pi. For security reasons, these potentially dangerous requests are disabled otherwise. It will also add the current directory to the macro search path.
-v
Print the version number.
-wname
Enable warning name. Available warnings are described in the section WARNINGS below. For example, to enable all warnings, use -w all. Multiple -w options are allowed.
-Wname
Inhibit warning name. Multiple -W options are allowed.
-z
Suppress formatted output.
Warnings
The warnings that can be given by troff are divided into the following categories. The name associated with each warning is used by the -w and -W options; the number is used by the warn request, and by the .warn register; it is always a power of 2 to allow bitwise composition(any two codes can be combined additively to create a unique number).
Warnings, listed by bit:
bit
code
warning
0
1
char
1
2
number
2
4
break
3
8
delim
4
16
el
5
32
scale
6
64
range
7
128
syntax
8
256
di
9
512
mac
10
1024
reg
11
2048
tab
12
4096
right-brace
13
8192
missing
14
16384
input
15
32768
escape
16
65536
space
17
131072
font
18
262144
ig
19
524288
color
20
1048576
file
Descriptions:
warning
code
description
break
4
In fill mode, lines which could not be broken so that their length was less than the line length. This is enabled by default.
char
1
Non-existent characters. This is enabled by default.
color
524288
Color related warnings.
delim
8
Missing or mismatched closing delimiters.
di
256
Use of di or da without an argument when there is no current diversion.
el
16
Use of the el request with no matching ie request.
escape
32768
Unrecognized escape sequences. When an unrecognized escape sequence is encountered, the escape character is ignored.
file
1048576
Indicates a missing file for the mso request. Enabled by default.
font
131072
Non-existent fonts. This is enabled by default.
ig
262144
Invalid escapes in text ignored with the ig request. These are conditions that are errors when they do not occur in ignored text.
input
16384
Invalid input characters.
mac
512
Use of undefined strings, macros and diversions. When an undefined string, macro or diversion is used, that string is automatically defined as empty. So, in most cases, at most one warning will be given for each name.
missing
8192
Requests that are missing non-optional arguments.
number
2
Invalid numeric expressions. This is enabled by default.
range
64
Out of range arguments.
reg
1024
Use of undefined number registers. When an undefined number register is used, that register is automatically defined to have a value of 0. So, in most cases, at most one warning will be given for use of a particular name.
right-brace
4096
Use of \} where a number was expected.
scale
32
Meaningless scaling indicators.
space
65536
Missing space between a request or macro and its argument. This warning will be given when an undefined name longer than two characters is encountered, and the first two characters of the name make a defined name. The request or macro will not be invoked. When this warning is given, no macro is automatically defined. This is enabled by default. This warning will never occur in compatibility mode.
syntax
128
Dubious syntax in numeric expressions.
tab
2048
Inappropriate use of a tab character. Either use of a tab character where a number was expected, or use of tab character in an unquoted macro argument.
There are also names that can be used to refer to groups of warnings:
all
All warnings except di, mac, and reg. It is intended that this covers all warnings that are useful with traditional macro packages.
w
All warnings.
Environment
troff makes use of the following environment variables:
GROFF_TMAC_PATH
A colon-separated list of directories in which to search for macro files. troff will scan directories given in the -M option before these, and in standard directories (current directory if in unsafe mode, home directory, /usr/lib/groff/site-tmac, /usr/share/groff/site-tmac, /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac) after these.
GROFF_TYPESETTER
Default device.
GROFF_FONT_PATH
A colon separated list of directories in which to search for the devname directory. troff will scan directories given in the -F option before these, and in standard directories (/usr/share/groff/site-font, /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/font, /usr/lib/font) after these.
Files
/usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac/troffrc
Initialization file (called before any other macro package).
/usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac/troffrc-end
Initialization file (called after any other macro package).
Note that troffrc and troffrc-end are neither searched in the current nor in the home directory by default for security reasons (even if the -U option is given). Use the -M command line option or the GROFF_TMAC_PATH environment variable to add these directories to the search path if necessary.
troff (執行排版功能并格式化文檔)
在類似Unix的操作系統上，troff命令執行排版功能并格式化文檔。 它是AT＆T為Unix開發的文檔處理系統的主要組件。 本文檔介紹了troff的GNU / Linux版本。
On Unix-like operating systems, the troff command performs typesetting functions and formats documents. It is the major component of the document processing system developed by AT&T for Unix. This document covers the GNU/Linux version of troff.
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1 troff 運行系統環境
2 troff 語法
3 troff 說明
4 troff 例子
troff 運行系統環境
Linux
troff 語法
troff [-abcivzCERU] [-d cs] [-f fam] [-F dir] [-I dir] [-m name] [-M dir] [-n num] [-o list] [-r cn] [-T name] [-w name] [-W name] [file ...]troff [-abcivzCERU] [-d cs] [-f fam] [-F dir] [-I dir] [-m name] [-M dir] [-n num] [-o list] [-r cn] [-T name] [-w name] [-W name] [file ...]查看英文版
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troff 說明
troff格式化打印機和字符終端的文本，并且是Unix歷史上最重要的軟件之一。
像roff，nroff和groff一樣，troff源自Jerome Saltzer為1960年代中期針對MIT的CTSS操作系統編寫的名為RUNOFF的文本格式程序。名稱RUNOFF來自短語“要運行文檔”，意思是定稿或準備發布或展示。
RUNOFF的后續迭代稱為rf，然后稱為roff，最終在Unix上的PDP-7上編寫了一個版本的roff。最終，它演變為nroff（“較新的roff”），然后演變為troff（“排字機”）。傳說中的Brian Kernighan最終重寫了troff，使其語法更加靈活，并將其設計為與設備無關。
盡管多年來諸如LaTeX之類的其他排版軟件包已經獲得了廣泛的使用，但是troff仍在Unix中廣泛使用，并且是man的默認類型格式化程序。
本文檔適用于troff命令的GNU版本，它是groff軟件包的一部分，通常在Linux上使用。
選件
不對具有絕對文件名的文件執行目錄搜索。
警告事項
troff可以給出的警告分為以下幾類。與每個警告關聯的名稱由-w和-W選項使用。該數目由警告請求和.warn寄存器使用；允許按位組合始終為2的冪（可以將任何兩個代碼加在一起組合以創建唯一的數字）。
警告，按位列出：
說明：
還有一些名稱可用于引用警告組：
環境
troff使用以下環境變量：
檔案
請注意，出于安全考慮，默認情況下，既不在當前目錄中也不在主目錄中搜索troffrc和troffrc-end（即使已指定-U選項）。如有必要，請使用-M命令行選項或GROFF_TMAC_PATH環境變量將這些目錄添加到搜索路徑。
troff formats text for printers and character terminals, and is one of the most important pieces of software in Unix history.
Like roff, nroff and groff, troff is descended from a text formatting program called RUNOFF written by Jerome Saltzer for MIT's CTSS operating system in the mid-1960s. The name RUNOFF comes from the phrase "to run off a document," meaning to finalize a document, or prepare it for publication or presentation.
Later iterations of RUNOFF were called rf and then roff, and a version of roff was eventually written for Unix on a PDP-7. Eventually, it evolved in to nroff ("newer roff") and then troff ("typesetter roff"). The legendary Brian Kernighan eventually rewrote troff, giving it a more flexible syntaxand designing it to be device-independent.
Although other typesetting software packages such as LaTeX have gained prominent usage throughout the years, troff is still used extensively in Unix, and is the default type formatter for man.
This documentation is for GNU version of the troff command, which is part of the groff package and commonly used on Linux.
Options
No directory search is performed for files with an absolute file name.
Warnings
The warnings that can be given by troff are divided into the following categories. The name associated with each warning is used by the -w and -W options; the number is used by the warn request, and by the .warn register; it is always a power of 2 to allow bitwise composition(any two codes can be combined additively to create a unique number).
Warnings, listed by bit:
Descriptions:
There are also names that can be used to refer to groups of warnings:
Environment
troff makes use of the following environment variables:
Files
Note that troffrc and troffrc-end are neither searched in the current nor in the home directory by default for security reasons (even if the -U option is given). Use the -M command line option or the GROFF_TMAC_PATH environment variable to add these directories to the search path if necessary.
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troff 例子
處理文件myfile。
Process file myfile.
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其他命令行
tabs | tac | talk | tail | tcopy | tty | tar | tbl | tcpdump | tcsh | time | tee | timex | telinit | telnet | test | top | touch | tput | tr | traceroute |