On Unix-like operating systems, the tar command creates, maintains, modifies, and extracts files that are archived in the tar format.
This document covers the GNU/Linux version of tar.
"Tar" stands for tape archive. It is an archiving file format.
tar was originally developed in the early days of Unix for the purpose of backing up files to tape-based storage devices. It was later formalized as part of the POSIX standard, and today is used to collect, distribute, and archive files, while preserving file system attributes such as user and group permissions, access and modification dates, and directory structures.
This documentation covers the GNU version of tar, which is included with most modern variants of the Linux operating system.
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tar 語法
tar [-] A --catenate --concatenate | c --create | d --diff --compare |
--delete | r --append | t --list | --test-label | u --update |
x --extract --get [options] [pathname ...]
tar [-] A --catenate --concatenate | c --create | d --diff --compare |
--delete | r --append | t --list | --test-label | u --update |
x --extract --get [options] [pathname ...]
Operation
The first argument to tar should be a function specification: either one of the letters A, c, d, r, t, u, or x, or one of the long function names. A function letter does not need to be prefixed with a dash ("-"), and may be combined with other single-letter options. A long function name must be prefixed with a double dash ("--"). Some options take a parameter; with the single-letter form these must be given as separate arguments. With the long form, they may be given by appending "=value" to the option.
For example, the following commands are all equivalent:
tar --create --file=archive.tar file1 file2
tar -c -f archive.tar file1 file2
tar -cf archive.tar file1 file2
tar cf archive.tar file1 file2
Functions
Specifying one of the following functions selects what tar's main mode of operation will be:
A, --catenate, --concatenate
Append tar files to an archive.
c, --create
Create a new archive.
d, --diff, --compare
Calculate any differences between the archive and the file system.
--delete
Delete from the archive. (This function doesn't work on magnetic tapes).
r, --append
Append files to the end of a tar archive.
t, --list
List the contents of an archive.
--test-label
Test the archive label, and exit.
u, --update
Append files, but only those that are newer than the copy in the archive.
x, --extract, --get
Extract files from an archive.
Other Options
The following options specify the way tar operates:
-[0-7][lmh]
Specifies drive and density. (If you're not sure what this means, you don't need to use this option.)
-a, --auto-compress
Use the archive's suffix to determine the compression program. For example, if this option is specified, an archive with the extension .tar.gz will always be handled as if the --gzip option had been specified (see --gzip, below).
--add-file=file
Add file to the archive. (This option is especially useful when the name of the file begins with a dash.)
--anchored
File name patterns must match from the begining of a file name.
--no-anchored
File name patterns may match after any "/" (this is the default for excluding files; see --exclude, below).
--atime-preserve
Preserve access times on archived files, either by restoring the times, or (if the operating system supports it) not changing them in the first place.
--no-auto-compress
Do not automatically determine the compression program using the archive file name suffix.
-b, --blocking-factor BLOCKS
Use BLOCKS x 512 bytes-per-record when handling the archive.
-B, --read-full-records
"Re-block" all input. This option can help read damaged archives.
--backup[=backup-method
Rather than deleting files from the file system, tar will back them up using the specified backup method backup-method, which may be one of the following:
t, numbered
Always make numbered backups.
nil, existing
Make numbered backups of files that already have them, and simple backups of the others.
never, simple
Always make simple backups.
If not specified, backup-method defaults to the value of environment variable VERSION_CONTROL; if VERSION_CONTROL is undefined, backup-method defaults to existing.
-C, --directory DIR
Change to directory DIR before performing any operations.
--check-device
check device numbers when creating incremental archives. This is the default behavior.
--no-check-device
Do not check device numbers when creating incremental archives.
--checkpoint[=NUMBER]
Use "checkpoints": display a progress message every NUMBER records (default 10).
--checkpoint-action=ACTION
Execute ACTION at every checkpoint. ACTION may be one of the following:
bell
Play an audible bell at the console.
dot, .
Print a single dot.
echo
Display a text message at the console (to standard error).
echo=string
Display string string on standard error; before output, any metacharacters in string are expanded.
exec=command
Execute the given command.
sleep=time
Wait for time seconds.
ttyout=string
Output string on the current console ('/dev/tty').
Several --checkpoint-action options can be specified. The supplied actions will be executed in the order of their appearance on the command line.
Using --checkpoint-action without --checkpoint will assume the default checkpoint interval of 10 records.
--delay-directory-restore
Delay setting modification times and permissions of extracted directories until extraction has ended.
--no-delay-directory-restore
Modification times and permissions of extracted directories are set when all files from this directory have been extracted. This is the default.
--exclude=PATTERN
Avoid operating on files whose names match file name pattern PATTERN.
--exclude-backups
exclude backup and lock files from all operations.
--exclude-caches
Causes tar to exclude all directories that contain a cache directory tag.
A cache directory tag is a short file with the name CACHEDIR.TAG and having a standard header specified in http://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/spec.html. This option excludes the contents of the directory, but archives the directory itself and the CACHEDIR.TAG file.
--exclude-caches-all
Omit directories containing a CACHEDIR.TAG file entirely.
--exclude-caches-under
Exclude everything under directories containing a CACHEDIR.TAG file, including the CACHEDIR.TAG file; but, archive the directory.
--exclude-tag=FILE
Exclude the contents of any directory containing file FILE, but archive the directory and the file FILE.
--exclude-tag-all=FILE
Omit directories containing file FILE entirely.
--exclude-tag-under=FILE
Exclude everything under directories containing file FILE including the file FILE; but, archive the directory.
--exclude-vcs
Exclude version control subdirectories. This option recognizes the files and directories used by many widely-used VCS systems. The files excluded are:
CVS/, and everything under it
RCS/, and everything under it
SCCS/, and everything under it
.git/, and everything under it
.gitignore
.cvsignore
.svn/, and everything under it
.arch-ids/, and everything under it
{arch}/, and everything under it
=RELEASE-ID
=meta-update
=update
.bzr
.bzrignore
.bzrtags
.hg
.hgignore
.hgrags
_darcs
-f, --file=ARCHIVE
Use archive file (or device) ARCHIVE.
-F, --info-script, --new-volume-script=NAME
run script NAME at the end of each tape (implies -M).
--force-local
Force tar to treat the archive file as a local file, even if its name contains a colon.
--full-time
Print the full resolution of all file times.
-g, --listed-incremental=FILE
During a --create operation, this option specifies that the archive be a new GNU-format incremental backup, using snapshot file FILE to determine which files to backup. With other operations, this option informs tar that the archive is in incremental format.
-G, --incremental
Handle old GNU-format incremental backups.
--group=NAME
Force NAME as group for added files.
-h, --dereference
Follow symlinks; archive the files they point to.
-H, --format=FORMAT
Create archive of the given format, where FORMAT is one of the following:
gnu
GNU tar 1.13.x format.
oldgnu
GNU format used in tar versions 1.12 and lower.
pax
POSIX 1003.1-2001 ("pax") format.
posix
Same as pax.
ustar
POSIX 1003.1-1988 ("ustar") format.
v7
Old Unix version 7 tar format.
--hard-dereference
Follow hard links; archive the files they refer to.
-i, --ignore-zeros
Ignore zeroed blocks in archive. Normally an entire block of bytes with a value of zero indicates an end-of-archive; this option helps tar handle a damaged archive, or any other oddly-formed archive with blocks of zeros in its contents.
-I, --use-compress-program=PROG
Use external compression program PROG. Use this option if you are not happy with the compression program associated with the suffix at compile time, or if you have a compression program that GNU tar does not support. The PROG argument must be a valid command, as you would type it at the command line prompt, with any additional options as needed. Enclose it in quotes if it contains white space.
PROG should follow two conventions: First, when invoked without additional options, it should read data from standard input, compress it and output it on standard output. Secondly, if invoked with the additional '-d' option, it should do exactly the opposite: read the compressed data from the standard input and produce uncompressed data on the standard output.
The latter requirement means that you must not use the '-d' option as a part of the PROG command invocation itself.
--ignore-case
Ignore character case when matching patterns or file names.
--no-ignore-case
Use case-sensitive pattern and file name matching (this is the default).
--ignore-command-error
Ignore exit codes of subprocesses.
--no-ignore-command-error
Treat non-zero exit codes of subprocesses as an error.
--ignore-failed-read
Do not exit merely because an unreadable file was encountered.
--index-file=FILE
Send verbose output to file FILE for later use.
-j, --bzip2
This option tells tar to read or write archives using the bzip2 compressor.
-J, --xz
Tells tar to read or write archives using the xz compressor.
-k, --keep-old-files
Do not overwrite existing files when extracting files from an archive, and return an error if such files exist.
-K, --starting-file=NAME
This option affects extraction only; tar will skip extracting files in the archive until it finds one that matches name.
--keep-newer-files
Don't replace existing files that are newer than their archive copies.
-l, --check-links
Check the number of links dumped for each processed file. If this number does not match the total number of hard links for the file, print a warning message.
-L, --tape-length=size[suf]
Change tape after writing a certain number of bytes. If suf is not specified, SIZE is treated as kilobytes (1024 bytes), which is equivalent to specifying suf as B. suf may be one of the following:
suffix
units
byte equivalent
b
Blocks
size x 512
B
Kilobytes
size x 1024
c
Bytes
size
G
Gigabytes
size x 1024^3
K
Kilobytes
size x 1024
k
Kilobytes
size x 1024
M
Megabytes
size x 1024^2
P
Petabytes
size x 1024^5
T
Terabytes
size x 1024^4
w
Words
size x 2
--level=n
When using the --listed-incremental option, force an incremental backup of level n.
--lzip
Read or write archives through the lzip compressor.
--lzma
Read or write archives through the lzma compressor.
--lzop
Read or write archives through the lzop compressor.
-m, --touch
Sets the data modification time of extracted files to the extraction time, rather than the data modification time stored in the archive. In other words, touch all extracted files.
-M, --multi-volume
Create, list, or extract a multi-volume archive. Such archives are broken into parts so that they may fit on media too small to contain the entire archive.
--mode=permissions
When adding files to an archive, tar will assign permissions to the archive members, rather than the permissions from the files. The permissions can be specified either as an octal number or as symbolic permissions, as with chmod.
--mtime=date
When adding files to an archive, tar will use date as the modification time of members when creating archives, instead of their actual modification times. The value of date can be either a textual date representation or a name of the existing file, starting with "/" or ".", in which case the modification time of that file is used.
-n, --seek
Assume that the archive media supports seeking to arbitrary locations. Usually, tar determines automatically whether the archive can be seeked or not; this option is intended for use in cases when such recognition fails. It takes effect only if the archive is open for reading with "--list" or "--extract" options).
-N, --newer, --after-date=date
Only store files whose data or status has changed on or after date. If date is a file name, the date of that file is used.
--newer-mtime=date
Like --after-time, but looks at modification times only.
--null
When tar is using the '--files-from' option, this option instructs tar to expect file names terminated with NUL, so tar can correctly work with file names that contain newlines.
--no-null
Cancels any previous --null option specified.
--numeric-owner
Always use numeric IDs, rather than names, for user/group ownership information.
-O, --to-stdout
Extract files to standard output.
--occurrence[=number]
This option can be used in conjunction with one of the subcommands "--delete", "--diff", "--extract" or "--list" when a list of files is given either on the command line or via '-T' option.
This option instructs tar to process only the numberth occurrence of each named file. The number defaults to 1, so:
tar -x -f archive.tar --occurrence filename
will extract the first occurrence of the member "filename" from "archive.tar" and will terminate without scanning to the end of the archive.
--old-archive, --portability
Same as "--format=v7".
--one-file-system
Prevents tar from crossing file system boundaries when archiving. Can be used with any write operation.
--overwrite
Overwrite existing files when extracting.
--overwrite-dir
Overwrite metadata of existing directories when extracting (this is the default behavior).
--no-overwrite-dir
Preserve metadata of existing directories when extracting.
--owner=user
Specifies that tar should use user as the owner of members when creating archives, instead of the user associated with the source file. The user can be a username, or a user's numeric ID, or both as "name:id".
-p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions
When tar is extracting an archive, it normally subtracts the user's umask from the permissions specified in the archive and uses that number as the permissions to create the destination file. Specifying this option instructs tar that it should use the permissions directly from the archive.
-P, --absolute-names
Don't strip leading "/"s from file names.
--pax-option=keyword-list
Enables creation of the archive in POSIX.1-2001 format, where keyword-list is a comma-separated list of keyword options specific to that format.
--posix
Same as --format=posix.
--preserve
This is the same as specifying both "--preserve-permissions" and "--same-order".
--quote-chars=STRING
When displaying files and other members of an archive, tar treats file names in a special way to avoid ambiguities caused by certain characters that may occur in the file name; this is called name quoting. The --quote-chars option will, additionally, quote any characters occurring in STRING.
--no-quote-chars=STRING
When name quoting, tar will never quote any of the characters in STRING.
--quoting-style=STYLE
When name quoting, use name quoting style STYLE. Valid values of STYLE are: literal, shell, shell-always, c, escape, locale, and clocale. The default quoting style is escape, unless overridden while configuring the package.
-R, --block-number
With this option specified, tar prints error messages for read errors with the block number in the archive file.
--record-size=siz[suf]
Instructs tar to use size bytes-per-record when accessing the archive. The argument can be suffixed with a size suffix, e.g., "--record-size=10K" for 10 kilobytes.
--recursion
Recurse into directories (this is the default).
--no-recursion
Do not recurse into subdirectories when archiving.
--recursive-unlink
Remove existing directory hierarchies before extracting directories of the same name from the archive.
--remove-files
Remove files after adding them to an archive.
--restrict
Disable use of some potentially harmful tar options. Currently this option disables shell invocation.
--rmt-command=cmd
In cases where tar is using a remote tape server, this option notifies tar that it should use cmd as the remote tape server program instead of the default, "/usr/libexec/rmt".
--rsh-command=cmd
In cases where tar is using a remote shell to communicate with non-local devices, this option notifies tar that it should use cmd instead of the default, rsh.
-s, --preserve-order, --same-order
This option helps when processing large lists of file names on machines with small amounts of memory. It is used in conjunction with --compare, --list or --extract.
The --same-order option tells tar that the list of file names to be listed or extracted is sorted in the same order as the files in the archive. This allows a large list of names to be used, even on a small machine that would not otherwise be able to hold all the names in memory at the same time. Such a sorted list can easily be created by running tar -t on the archive and editing its output.
This option is probably never needed on modern computer systems.
-S, --sparse
This option instructs tar to test each file for sparseness before attempting to archive it. If the file is found to be sparse it is treated specially, thus allowing to decrease the amount of space used by its image in the archive.
This option is meaningful only when creating or updating archives. It has no effect on extraction.
--same-owner
Attempt to give extracted files the same ownership as exists in the archive (this is the default for superuser).
--no-same-owner
Do not attempt to restore ownership when extracting. This is the default behavior for ordinary users, so this option has an effect only for the superuser.
--no-same-permissions
Apply the user's umask when extracting permissions from the archive. This is the default behavior for ordinary users.
--no-seek
Do not attempt to seek to arbitrary locations within an archive.
--show-defaults
Display tar's default options. This can be useful in certain shell scripts.
--show-omitted-dirs
When listing or extracting, list each directory that does not match search criteria.
--show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names
Display file or member names after applying any name transformations. In particular, when used in conjunction with one of the archive creation operations it instructs tar to list the member names stored in the archive, as opposed to the actual file names.
--sparse-version=version-number
Specifies the format version to use when archiving sparse files. Implies '--sparse'.
--strip-components=number
Strip given number of leading components from file names before extraction. For example, if archive "archive.tar" contained a member named "/some/file/name", then running:
tar --extract --file archive.tar --strip-components=2
would extract this file to file "name".
--suffix=suffix
Uses the file name suffix suffix when backing up files. If --suffix is not specified, the default backup suffix is the value of the environment variable DEFAULT_BACKUP_SUFFIX, or if that variable is not defined, "~".
-T, --files-from=file
tar will use the contents of file as a list of archive members or files to operate on, in addition to those specified on the command line.
--to-command=command
During extraction, tar will pipe extracted files to the standard input of command.
--totals[=signum]
Display byte totals when processing an archive. If signum is specified, these totals are displayed when tar receives signal number signum.
--transform, --xform=sed-expr
Replace file names with sed replacement expression sed-expr. For example,
tar cf archive.tar --transform 's,^\./,usr/,'
will add to archive.tar files from the current working directory, replacing initial "./" prefix with "usr/".
-U, --unlink-first
Remove a corresponding file from the file system before extracting it from the archive, rather than overwriting it.
--unquote
Unquote file names read in with -T; this is the default.
--no-unquote
Do not unquote file names read in with -T.
--utc
Print all file times in UTC (universal time).
-v, --verbose
Operate verbosely.
-V, --label=name
When creating an archive, write name as a name record in the archive. When extracting or listing archives, tar will only operate on archives that have a label matching the pattern specified in name.
--volno-file=file
Used in conjunction with "--multi-volume", tar will keep track of which volume of a multi-volume archive it's working on in file file.
-w, --interactive, --confirmation
Ask for confirmation for every action.
-W, --verify
Attempt to verify the archive after writing it.
--warning=keyword
Control display of the warning messages identified by keyword. If keyword starts with the prefix "no-", such messages are suppressed. Otherwise, they are enabled.
Multiple "--warning" specifications may be used.
There are keywords for various warning messages available in tar. The two global keywords are:
all
Enable all warning messages. This is the default.
none
Disable all warning messages.
--wildcards
Use wildcards.
--wildcards-match-slash
When this option is specified, a wildcard like "*" in the pattern can match a "/" in the name. Otherwise, "/" is matched only by "/". This is the default when tar is excluding files.
--no-wildcards-match-slash
"/" cannot be matched by a wildcard, only by "/".
--no-wildcards
Wildcards are not permitted. File names may only be matched verbatim.
-X, --exclude-from=file
Like --exclude, but excludes files matching the patterns listed in the file file.
-z, --gzip, --gunzip
This option tells tar to read or write archives through gzip, allowing tar to directly operate on several kinds of compressed archives transparently. This option should be used, for example, when operating on files with the extension .tar.gz.
-Z, --compress, --uncompress
tar will use the compress program when operating on files.
Environment
The following environment variables affect the operation of tar:
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX
File name suffix to use when backing up files, if --suffix is not specified. The default backup suffix is "~".
TAR_OPTIONS
Any options specified in this variable will be prepended to options specified to tar on the command line.
TAPE
The archiving tape or file to use if --file is not specified. If this variable is not defined, and no --file is specified, tar uses standard input and standard output instead.
Create archive archive.tar containing files file1 and file2. Here, the c tells tar you will be creating an archive; the f tells tar that the next option (here it's archive.tar) will be the name of the archive it creates. file1 and file2, the final arguments, are the files to be archived.
tar -tvf archive.tar
List the files in the archive archive.tar verbosely. Here, the t tells tar to list the contents of an archive; v tells tar to operate verbosely; and f indicates that the next argument will be the name of the archive file to operate on.
tar -xf archive.tar
Extract the files from archive archive.tar. x tells tar to extract files from an archive; f tells tar that the next argument will be the name of the archive to operate on.
tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz
Extract the files from gzipped archive archive.tar.gz verbosely. Here, the z tells tar that the archive will be compressed with gzip.
tar -cf archive.tar mydir/
Creates an archive of the directory mydir.
tar -czf archive.tar.gz mydir/
Creates an gzip-compressed archive of the directory mydir.
tar -zxvf myfile.tar.gz
Extract the contents of the myfile.tar.gz into the current directory.
tar -xvf archive.tar documents/work/budget.doc
Extract only the file documents/work/budget.doc from the archive archive.tar. Produce verbose output.
tar -xvf archive.tar documents/work/
Extract only the directory documents/work/, and any files it contains, from the archive archive.tar. Produce verbose output.
tar -xvf archive.tar --wildcards '*.doc'
Extract only files with the extension .doc from the archive archive.tar. The --wildcards option tells tar to interpret wildcards in the name of the files to be extracted; the file name (*.doc) is enclosed in single-quotes to protect the wildcard (*) from being expanded incorrectly by the shell.
tar -rvf archive.tar documents/work/budget.doc
Add the file documents/work/budget.doc to the existing archive archive.tar. The r option is the same as the long option --append.
tar -uvf archive.tar documents/work/budget.doc
Add the file documents/work/budget.doc to the archive archive.tar only if it is newer than the version already in the archive (or does not yet exist in the archive). Here, u is the same as the long option --update.
tar -cf - documents/work/ | wc -c
Estimate the file size of an archive of the directory documents/work, but do not create the file. Here, the archive file is specified as a dash ("-"), which tells tar to send its archived output to the standard output rather than a file on disk. This output is then piped to the wc command, which reports how many bytes (-c) were in the input it received.
tar -czf DogPhotos.tar.gz --exclude='kitty.jpg' MyPetPhotos
Create DogPhotos.tar.gz of all files contained in the MyPetPhotos without the kitty.jpg photo.
tar tf hope.tar.gz | grep myfile.txt
Search the hope.tar.gz file for the file myfile.txt and list the full path of the file. The returned results would resemble the line shown below.
tar -zxvf hope.tar.gz computerhopehope/homedir/public_html/data/myfile.txt
In the above example, the tar command would extract the one file myfile.txt from the hope.tar.gz. The full path to this file was determined by using the example shown earlier.
tar (命令創(chuàng)建，維護(hù)，修改和提取以該格式歸檔的文件)
在此類Unix操作系統(tǒng)，tar命令創(chuàng)建，維護(hù)，修改，提取文件被封存在焦油格式。 本文檔介紹tar的GNU / Linux版本。
On Unix-like operating systems, the tar command creates, maintains, modifies, and extracts files that are archived in the tar format. This document covers the GNU/Linux version of tar.
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1 tar 運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)環(huán)境
2 tar 說明
3 tar 語法
4 tar 例子
tar 運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)環(huán)境
Linux
tar 說明
“ Tar”代表磁帶存檔。它是一種歸檔文件格式。
tar最初是在Unix早期開發(fā)的，目的是將文件備份到基于磁帶的存儲設(shè)備上。它后來被正式化為POSIX標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一部分，如今已用于收集，分發(fā)和歸檔文件，同時保留文件系統(tǒng) 屬性，例如用戶和組 權(quán)限，訪問和修改日期以及目錄結(jié)構(gòu)。
本文檔介紹了tar的GNU版本，該版本隨Linux 操作系統(tǒng)的大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代變體一起提供。
"Tar" stands for tape archive. It is an archiving file format.
tar was originally developed in the early days of Unix for the purpose of backing up files to tape-based storage devices. It was later formalized as part of the POSIX standard, and today is used to collect, distribute, and archive files, while preserving file system attributes such as user and group permissions, access and modification dates, and directory structures.
This documentation covers the GNU version of tar, which is included with most modern variants of the Linux operating system.
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tar 語法
tar [-] A --catenate --concatenate | c --create | d --diff --compare | --delete | r --append | t --list | --test-label | u --update | x --extract --get [options] [pathname ...]操作方式
tar的第一個參數(shù)應(yīng)為函數(shù)規(guī)范：字母A，c，d，r，t，u或x之一，或長函數(shù)名之一。 功能字母不需要以短劃線（“-”）為前綴，并且可以與其他單字母選項結(jié)合使用。 長函數(shù)名稱必須以雙破折號（“-”）開頭。 一些選項帶有一個參數(shù)。 使用單字母形式時，必須將它們作為單獨(dú)的參數(shù)給出。 對于長格式，可以通過在選項后附加“ = value”來給出。
例如，以下命令都是等效的：
功能
指定以下功能之一可以選擇tar的主要操作模式：
其他選擇
以下選項指定tar的操作方式：
如果未指定，則備份方法默認(rèn)為環(huán)境變量VERSION_CONTROL的值；如果未定義VERSION_CONTROL，則備份方法默認(rèn)為existing。
使用--checkpoint行動不--checkpoint將承擔(dān)的默認(rèn)檢查點(diǎn)間隔10分的記錄。
緩存目錄標(biāo)記是一個簡短文件，名稱為CACHEDIR.TAG，并且在http://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/spec.html中指定了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)標(biāo)頭。此選項排除目錄的內(nèi)容，但歸檔目錄本身和CACHEDIR.TAG文件。
PROG應(yīng)該遵循兩個約定：首先，在沒有其他選項的情況下調(diào)用PROG時，它應(yīng)該從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入中讀取數(shù)據(jù)，對其進(jìn)行壓縮并在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出中輸出。其次，如果使用附加的' -d'選項，它應(yīng)該做的恰好相反：從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入讀取壓縮數(shù)據(jù)，并在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出上生成未壓縮的數(shù)據(jù)。
后一個要求意味著您不得在PROG命令調(diào)用本身中使用' -d '選項。
此選項指示焦油工藝僅數(shù)每個命名次出現(xiàn)文件。該數(shù)字默認(rèn)為1，因此：
將從“ archive.tar ”中提取成員“ filename ” 的第一個匹配項，并且將終止而不掃描到歸檔的末尾。
該--same順序選項告知tar文件名列表中列出或提取以相同的順序作為歸檔文件進(jìn)行排序。這樣即使在小型計算機(jī)上也可以使用大量的名稱，否則將無法同時將所有名稱保存在內(nèi)存中。通過在歸檔文件上運(yùn)行tar -t并編輯其輸出，可以輕松創(chuàng)建此類排序列表。
在現(xiàn)代計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)上可能永遠(yuǎn)不需要此選項。
僅當(dāng)創(chuàng)建或更新檔案時，此選項才有意義。它對提取沒有影響。
".將提取此文件到文件“ name ”。
將從當(dāng)前工作目錄中添加到archive.tar文件中，并以“ usr / ” 替換初始的“ ./ ”前綴。
多個“ --warning ”規(guī)范。tar中
提供了各種警告消息的關(guān)鍵字。這兩個全局關(guān)鍵字是：
環(huán)境
以下環(huán)境變量會影響tar的操作：
tar [-] A --catenate --concatenate | c --create | d --diff --compare | --delete | r --append | t --list | --test-label | u --update | x --extract --get [options] [pathname ...]Operation
The first argument to tar should be a function specification: either one of the letters A, c, d, r, t, u, or x, or one of the long function names. A function letter does not need to be prefixed with a dash ("-"), and may be combined with other single-letter options. A long function name must be prefixed with a double dash ("--"). Some options take a parameter; with the single-letter form these must be given as separate arguments. With the long form, they may be given by appending "=value" to the option.
For example, the following commands are all equivalent:
Functions
Specifying one of the following functions selects what tar's main mode of operation will be:
Other Options
The following options specify the way tar operates:
If not specified, backup-method defaults to the value of environment variable VERSION_CONTROL; if VERSION_CONTROL is undefined, backup-method defaults to existing.
Using --checkpoint-action without --checkpoint will assume the default checkpoint interval of 10 records.
A cache directory tag is a short file with the name CACHEDIR.TAG and having a standard header specified in http://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/spec.html. This option excludes the contents of the directory, but archives the directory itself and the CACHEDIR.TAG file.
PROG should follow two conventions: First, when invoked without additional options, it should read data from standard input, compress it and output it on standard output. Secondly, if invoked with the additional '-d' option, it should do exactly the opposite: read the compressed data from the standard input and produce uncompressed data on the standard output.
The latter requirement means that you must not use the '-d' option as a part of the PROG command invocation itself.
This option instructs tar to process only the numberth occurrence of each named file. The number defaults to 1, so:
will extract the first occurrence of the member "filename" from "archive.tar" and will terminate without scanning to the end of the archive.
The --same-order option tells tar that the list of file names to be listed or extracted is sorted in the same order as the files in the archive. This allows a large list of names to be used, even on a small machine that would not otherwise be able to hold all the names in memory at the same time. Such a sorted list can easily be created by running tar -t on the archive and editing its output.
This option is probably never needed on modern computer systems.
This option is meaningful only when creating or updating archives. It has no effect on extraction.
would extract this file to file "name".
will add to archive.tar files from the current working directory, replacing initial "./" prefix with "usr/".
Multiple "--warning" specifications may be used.
There are keywords for various warning messages available in tar. The two global keywords are:
Environment
The following environment variables affect the operation of tar:
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tar 例子
創(chuàng)建包含文件file1和file2的存檔archive.tar。在這里，c告訴tar您將創(chuàng)建一個歸檔文件；在?F告訴焦油的下一個選項（這里的archive.tar中）將它創(chuàng)建的歸檔文件的名稱。最后的參數(shù)file1和file2是要?dú)w檔的文件。
詳細(xì)列出歸檔文件archive.tar中的文件。在這里，t告訴tar列出檔案的內(nèi)容；v告訴tar詳細(xì)操作；和?F表示下一個參數(shù)是檔案文件進(jìn)行操作的名稱。
從存檔archive.tar中提取文件。x告訴tar從檔案中提取文件；f告訴tar下一個參數(shù)將是要操作的存檔的名稱。
詳細(xì)地從gzip ped存檔archive.tar.gz中提取文件。在這里，z告訴tar存檔將使用gzip壓縮。
創(chuàng)建目錄mydir的存檔。
創(chuàng)建目錄mydir的gzip壓縮存檔。
將myfile.tar.gz的內(nèi)容提取到當(dāng)前目錄中。
從歸檔文件archive.tar中僅提取文件document / work / budget.doc。產(chǎn)生詳細(xì)的輸出。
從歸檔文件archive.tar中僅提取目錄document / work /及其包含的任何文件。產(chǎn)生詳細(xì)的輸出。
從存檔archive.tar中僅提取擴(kuò)展名為 .doc的文件。該--wildcards選項告訴焦油解釋通配符中要提取的文件的名稱; 文件名（* .doc）用單引號引起來，以防止通配符（*）被shell錯誤地擴(kuò)展。
將文件document / work / budget.doc添加到現(xiàn)有檔案archive.tar中。在[R選項是一樣的長選項--append。
僅當(dāng)文件/work/budget.doc文件比歸檔文件中已有的版本新（或歸檔文件中不存在）時才將其添加到歸檔文件archive.tar中。在這里，u與長選項--update相同。
估計目錄documents / work檔案的文件大小，但不要創(chuàng)建該文件。在這里，歸檔文件被指定為破折號（“ - ”），它告訴tar將其歸檔輸出發(fā)送到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出，而不是磁盤上的文件。然后，將此輸出通過管道傳遞給wc命令，該命令報告接收到的輸入中有多少字節(jié)（-c）。
創(chuàng)建DogPhotos.tar.gz包含的所有文件的MyPetPhotos沒有kitty.jpg照片。
在hope.tar.gz文件中搜索文件myfile.txt，然后列出該文件的完整路徑。返回的結(jié)果類似于下面的行。
在上面的示例中，tar命令將從hope.tar.gz中提取一個文件myfile.txt。通過使用前面顯示的示例，確定了此文件的完整路徑。
Create archive archive.tar containing files file1 and file2. Here, the c tells tar you will be creating an archive; the f tells tar that the next option (here it's archive.tar) will be the name of the archive it creates. file1 and file2, the final arguments, are the files to be archived.
List the files in the archive archive.tar verbosely. Here, the t tells tar to list the contents of an archive; v tells tar to operate verbosely; and f indicates that the next argument will be the name of the archive file to operate on.
Extract the files from archive archive.tar. x tells tar to extract files from an archive; f tells tar that the next argument will be the name of the archive to operate on.
Extract the files from gzipped archive archive.tar.gz verbosely. Here, the z tells tar that the archive will be compressed with gzip.
Creates an archive of the directory mydir.
Creates an gzip-compressed archive of the directory mydir.
Extract the contents of the myfile.tar.gz into the current directory.
Extract only the file documents/work/budget.doc from the archive archive.tar. Produce verbose output.
Extract only the directory documents/work/, and any files it contains, from the archive archive.tar. Produce verbose output.
Extract only files with the extension .doc from the archive archive.tar. The --wildcards option tells tar to interpret wildcards in the name of the files to be extracted; the file name (*.doc) is enclosed in single-quotes to protect the wildcard (*) from being expanded incorrectly by the shell.
Add the file documents/work/budget.doc to the existing archive archive.tar. The r option is the same as the long option --append.
Add the file documents/work/budget.doc to the archive archive.tar only if it is newer than the version already in the archive (or does not yet exist in the archive). Here, u is the same as the long option --update.
Estimate the file size of an archive of the directory documents/work, but do not create the file. Here, the archive file is specified as a dash ("-"), which tells tar to send its archived output to the standard output rather than a file on disk. This output is then piped to the wc command, which reports how many bytes (-c) were in the input it received.
Create DogPhotos.tar.gz of all files contained in the MyPetPhotos without the kitty.jpg photo.
Search the hope.tar.gz file for the file myfile.txt and list the full path of the file. The returned results would resemble the line shown below.
computerhopehope/homedir/public_html/data/myfile.txt
In the above example, the tar command would extract the one file myfile.txt from the hope.tar.gz. The full path to this file was determined by using the example shown earlier.
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其他命令行
tabs | tac | talk | tail | tcopy | tty | tbl | tcpdump | tcsh | time | tee | timex | telinit | telnet | test | top | touch | tput | tr | troff | traceroute |