top (提供正在運行的系統的動態實時視圖)

rose1 發表于 2020-07-28 16:37

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在類似Unix的操作系統上，頂層程序提供正在運行的系統的動態實時視圖。它可以顯示系統摘要信息，以及當前由內核管理的進程或線程的列表。所顯示的系統摘要信息的類型以及針對任務顯示的信息的類型，順序和大小都是用戶可配置的。本文檔涵蓋top的Linux版本。

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1 top 運行系統環境

2 top 語法

top 運行系統環境

Linux

top 語法

top -hv | -bcHisS -d delay -n limit -u|U user | -p pid -w [cols]

選件

Note

The typically mandatory switches ('-') and even whitespace are completely optional.

-h \| -v	幫助/版本顯示庫版本和用法提示，然后退出。
-b	批處理模式操作以“批處理”模式從頂部開始，這對于將輸出從頂部發送到其他程序或文件很有用。在這種模式下，top將不接受輸入并運行，直到使用-n命令行選項設置的迭代限制或終止為止。
-c	命令行/程序名切換從頂部開始，最后記住的' c '狀態相反。因此，如果top在顯示命令行，則該字段將顯示程序名稱，反之亦然。有關其他信息，請參見' c '交互式命令。
-d interval	Delay-time，其中interval表示為：ss.tt（secs.tenths）指定屏幕更新之間的延遲，并覆蓋個人配置文件或啟動默認值中的相應值。稍后，可以使用“ d ”或“ s ”交互式命令來更改它。小數秒是可以接受的，但是不允許使用負數。但是，在所有情況下，如果top以“安全模式”運行，則除非root用戶，否則禁止進行此類更改（除非使用了' s '命令行選項）。
-H	線程模式操作指示top顯示單個線程。如果沒有此命令行選項，則顯示每個進程中所有線程的總和。以后，可以使用“ H ”交互式命令來更改它。
-i	空閑過程切換從上一個記住的“ i ”狀態倒轉開始。當此切換為“關閉”時，自上次更新以來未使用任何CPU的任務將不會顯示。
-n limit	迭代次數指定top在結束之前應該產生的最大迭代次數或幀數。
-ppid	監控-PID的模式，具體為：-p PID1 -p PID2 ...或-p PID1，PID2，PID3 ... 監控器僅在指定的進程ID處理。此選項最多可以給出20次，或者您可以提供一個逗號分隔列表，最多包含20個PID。允許將兩種形式混合在一起。 pid值為零將被視為頂級程序本身的進程ID（一旦運行）。僅當您要返回正常操作時才使用此命令行選項，無需退出并重新啟動top －只需發出以下任何交互式命令即可：' = '，' u '或' U '。 ' p '，'u '和' U '命令行選項是互斥的。
-s	安全模式操作即使強制使用root，也要從強制安全模式開始。通過系統配置文件可以更好地控制此模式（請參閱主題6.文件）。
-S	累積時間切換從上次記憶的“ S ”狀態倒轉開始。當“累計時間”模式為On時，將列出每個進程及其已死子進程所使用的cpu時間。有關此模式的更多信息，請參見“ S ”交互式命令。
-u\|-U user-id-or-name	用戶過濾器模式僅顯示具有與給定用戶名或用戶名匹配的用戶ID或用戶名的進程。' -u '選項與有效用戶匹配，而' -U '選項與任何用戶（真實，有效，保存或文件系統）匹配。 “ p ”，“ u ”和“ U ”命令行選項是互斥的。
-w number	Output-width-override 在“批處理”模式下，如果不使用參數top，則將使用COLUMNS =和LINES =環境變量（如果已設置）格式化輸出。否則，寬度將固定為最大512列。使用參數時，可以減少或增加輸出寬度（最大為512），但是行數被認為是無限的。在正常顯示模式下，如果不帶參數使用，top將嘗試使用COLUMNS =和LINES =環境變量（如果已設置）格式化輸出。帶有一個參數，輸出寬度只能減小，不能增加。無論是使用環境變量還是使用帶有-w的參數，如果不在“批處理”模式下，都不能超過實際端子尺寸。注意：在不使用此命令行選項的情況下，無論是否在“批處理”模式下，輸出寬度始終取決于調用頂部的終端。

摘要顯示

通過交互命令分別控制以下每個區域。

正常運行時間和平均負載

本節由一行顯示以下內容：

程序或窗口名稱，取決于顯示模式
自上次啟動以來的當前時間和時間長度
用戶總數
最近1、5和15分鐘的系統平均負載

任務和CPU狀態

本節至少由兩行組成。在SMP環境中，其他行可以反映各個CPU狀態百分比。

第1行顯示了全部任務或線程，具體取決于線程模式切換的狀態。即總被進一步分類為：運行 ; 睡覺 ; 停下來 ; 僵尸
第2行顯示了基于自上次刷新以來的時間間隔的CPU狀態百分比。在下面顯示兩個標簽的地方，首先顯示最新內核版本的那些標簽：

us, user : 運行非獨立用戶進程的時間
sy, system : 運行內核進程的時間
ni, nice : 運行運行良好的用戶進程
wa, IO-wait : 等待I / O完成的時間
hi : 服務硬件中斷所花費的時間
si : 服務軟件中斷所花費的時間
st : 系統管理程序從此vm竊取的時間

內存使用情況

該部分由兩行組成，根據物理內存量，它們可以表示以吉字節（KiB），兆字節（MiB）或千兆字節（GiB）表示的值。

第1行反映了物理內存，分類為：total，used，free，buffers
第2行反映了虛擬內存，分類為：total，used，free，cached

字段/列

下面列出了top的可用過程字段（列）。它們以字母順序顯示。您可以自定義其位置以及是否可以使用“ f ”或“ F ”（字段管理）交互式命令顯示它們。

可以選擇任何字段作為排序字段，您可以控制將它們從高到低還是從低到高進行排序。

CGROUPS-控制組

進程所屬的控制組的名稱，如果不適用于該進程，則為“ - ”。

控制組提供在安裝定義的進程組之間分配資源（cpu，內存，網絡帶寬等）的功能。它們使您可以對分配，拒絕，確定優先級，管理和監視這些資源進行細粒度的控制。

一個系統上可以同時存在許多不同的“ cgroup”層次結構，并且每個層次結構都附加到一個或多個子系統上。子系統代表單個資源。

注意

與大多數列不同，“ CGROUPS”字段不是固定寬度的。當顯示時，它將與所有其他可變寬度列一起分配所有剩余的屏幕寬度（最多512個字符）。

代碼 -代碼大小（KiB）。專用于可執行代碼的物理內存量，也稱為“文本駐留集”大小或TRS。
COMMAND-命令名稱或命令行。顯示用于啟動任務的命令行或關聯程序的名稱。您可以使用“ c ” 在命令行和名稱之間切換，“ c ”既是命令行選項，也是交互式命令。當選擇顯示命令行時，不帶命令行的進程（例如內核線程）將僅在括號中顯示程序名稱（例如：“ [mrecoveryd] ”）。如果太長而無法適合該字段的當前寬度，則任何一種顯示形式都可能會被截斷。該寬度取決于所選的其他字段，它們的順序和當前屏幕的寬度。“森林視圖”顯示模式也可能影響此字段。看' V交互式命令以獲取有關該模式的其他信息。

注意：與大多數列不同，“ COMMAND”字段不是固定寬度的。當顯示時，它將與所有其他可變寬度列一起分配所有剩余的屏幕寬度（最多512個字符）。
％CPU -CPU使用率自上次屏幕更新以來，任務在已用CPU時間中所占的份額，表示為總CPU時間的百分比。在真正的SMP環境中，如果“ Irix模式”為“關”，則top將在“ Solaris模式”下運行，在該模式下，任務的CPU使用率將除以CPU總數。您可以使用“ I ”交互式命令切換“ Irix / Solaris”模式。
數據 -數據+堆棧大小（KiB）。專用于可執行代碼以外的物理內存量，也稱為“數據駐留集”大小或DRS。
標志 -任務標志。此列表示任務的當前調度標志，該標志以十六進制表示，并且抑制了零。這些標志已正式記錄在中。
GID-組ID。有效的組ID。
GROUP-組名。有效組名。
％MEM-內存使用率（RES）。任務當前使用的可用物理內存份額。
NI-物有所值。任務的價值。良好的負值表示優先級較高，而良好的正值表示優先級較低。該字段為零表示在確定任務的可調度性時不會調整優先級。
nDRT-臟頁數。自上次寫入輔助存儲器以來已被修改的頁面數。必須先將臟頁寫入輔助存儲，然后才能將相應的物理內存位置用于其他虛擬頁。
nMaj-主要頁面錯誤計數。任務已發生的主要頁面錯誤數。當進程嘗試讀取或寫入其地址空間中當前不存在的虛擬頁面時，將發生頁面錯誤。主要頁面錯誤是在使該頁面可用時涉及輔助存儲訪問。
nMin-次要頁面錯誤計數。任務發生的次要頁面錯誤數。當進程嘗試讀取或寫入其地址空間中當前不存在的虛擬頁面時，將發生頁面錯誤。較小的頁面錯誤在使該頁面可用時不涉及輔助存儲訪問。
nTH-線程數。與進程關聯的線程數。
P-上次使用的CPU（SMP）。代表上次使用的處理器的數字。在真正的SMP環境中，這可能會頻繁更改，因為內核有意使用弱親和力。同樣，運行頂部的行為可能會打破這種弱的親和力，并導致更多進程更頻繁地更換CPU（因為對CPU時間的額外需求）。
PGRP-流程組ID。每個進程都是唯一進程組的成員，該進程組用于分配信號，并由終端對輸入和輸出的請求進行仲裁。創建（派生）流程后，該流程將成為其父流程組的成員。按照慣例，該值等于流程組的第一個成員（稱為流程組負責人）的流程ID（請參閱PID）。
PID-流程ID。任務的唯一進程ID，該ID會定期包裝，盡管永遠不會從零開始。用內核術語來說，它是由“ task_struct”定義的可調度實體。

此值還可以用作：進程組ID（請參閱PGRP）；會話負責人的會話ID（請參閱SID）；線程組負責人的線程組ID（請參閱TGID）；以及流程組負責人的TTY流程組ID（請參閱TPGID）。
PPID-父流程ID。任務父級的進程ID（pid）。
PR-優先。任務的調度優先級。如果在此字段中看到“ rt”，則表示任務以“實時”調度優先級運行。

在linux下，實時優先級在某種程度上具有誤導性，因為傳統上操作本身是不可搶占的。盡管2.6內核可以被搶占，但并非總是如此。
RES-駐留內存大小（KiB）。任務已使用的未交換物理內存。
RUID-真實用戶ID。
RUSER-真實用戶名。
S-流程狀態。任務的狀態可以是以下之一：

'D' = 不間斷睡眠
'R' = 運行
'S' = 睡眠
'T' = 跟蹤或停止
'Z' = 僵尸

顯示為正在運行的任務應更恰當地認為是“準備運行”-他們的task_struct在Linux運行隊列中表示。即使沒有真正的SMP計算機，您也可能會在此狀態下看到許多任務，具體取決于top的延遲間隔和合適的值。
SHR-共享內存大小（KiB）。任務可用的共享內存量，通常不是全部駐留。它反映了可能與其他進程共享的內存。
SID-會話ID。會話是進程組的集合（請參閱PGRP），通常由登錄外殼建立。新創建的進程加入了其創建者的會話。按照慣例，該值等于會話的第一個成員的進程ID（請參閱PID），該成員稱為會話領導者，通常是登錄外殼程序。
SUID-已保存的用戶ID。保存的用戶ID。
SUPGIDS-補充組ID。登錄時建立或從任務的父級繼承的任何補充組的ID。它們以逗號分隔列表顯示。
注意：與大多數列不同，“ SUPGIDS”字段不是固定寬度的。當顯示時，它將與所有其他可變寬度列一起分配所有剩余的屏幕寬度（最多512個字符）。
SUPGRPS-補充組名。登錄時建立的或從任務的父級繼承的任何補充組的名稱。它們以逗號分隔列表顯示。

注意：與大多數列不同，“ SUPGRPS”字段不是固定寬度的。當顯示時，它將與所有其他可變寬度列一起分配所有剩余的屏幕寬度（最多512個字符）。
SUSER-保存的用戶名。保存的用戶名。
交換 -交換大小（KiB）。任務地址空間的非駐留部分。
TGID-線程組ID。任務所屬的線程組的ID。它是線程組負責人的PID。用內核術語，它表示共享“ mm_struct”的那些任務。
TIME -CPU時間。自任務開始以來已使用的總CPU時間。當“累積模式”為“開”時，將列出每個進程及其死子使用的CPU時間。您用“ S ” 切換“累積模式” ，這既是命令行選項又是交互式命令。有關此模式的更多信息，請參見“ S ”交互式命令。
TIME + -CPU時間（百分之一百）。與“時間”相同，但反映了百分之一秒的粒度。
TPGID -Tty流程組ID。連接的tty的前臺進程的進程組ID，如果進程未連接到終端，則為-1。按照慣例，該值等于流程組負責人的流程ID（請參閱PID）（請參閱PGRP）。
TTY-控制TTY。控制終端的名稱。TTY通常是從其開始該過程并將其用于輸入或輸出的設備（串行端口，pty等）。但是，無需將任務與終端關聯，在這種情況下，您會看到“ ？顯示。
UID-用戶ID。任務所有者的有效用戶標識。
USER-用戶名。任務所有者的有效用戶名。
VIRT-虛擬內存大小（KiB）任務使用的虛擬內存總量。它包括所有代碼，數據和共享庫，以及換出的頁面和已映射但未使用的頁面。
WCHAN-睡眠中的功能根據內核鏈接映射（'System.map'）的可用性，此字段顯示任務當前正在休眠的內核函數的名稱或地址。正在運行的任務在此列中顯示一個破折號（' - '）。

通過顯示此字段，top自己的工作集可以增加700 Kb以上，具體取決于內核版本。如果發生這種情況，減少開銷的唯一方法就是停止并重新啟動top。

注意：與大多數列不同，“ WCHAN”字段不是固定寬度的。當顯示時，它將與所有其他可變寬度列一起分配所有剩余的屏幕寬度（最多512個字符）。

管理領域

按下交互式命令“ f ”或“ F ”（字段管理）后，將顯示以下屏幕：1）當前窗口名稱；2）指定的排序字段；3）所有字段及其當前順序及其描述。屏幕寬度允許的情況下，標有星號的條目是當前顯示的字段。

如屏幕上的指示所示，您可以使用向上和向下箭頭鍵在各個字段之間導航。PgUp，PgDn，Home和End鍵也可用于快速到達第一個或最后一個可用字段。
右箭頭鍵選擇要重新定位的字段，而左箭頭鍵或鍵將提交該字段的位置。
“ d ”鍵或欄可切換字段的顯示狀態，從而切換是否存在星號。
在“ 小號 ”鍵表示一個字段作為排序字段。請參閱主題4c。任務區域命令，正在排序以獲取有關選擇排序字段的更多信息。
“ a ”和“ w ”鍵可用于循環顯示所有可用窗口，“ q ”或鍵可退出“字段管理”。

“字段管理”屏幕還可以用于以全屏模式或交替顯示模式更改當前窗口/字段組。返回頂部顯示時，按' q '或時所針對的對象將成為當前對象。請參閱主題5。ALTERNATE-DISPLAY設置和“ g ”交互式命令，以了解當前的窗口和字段組。

注意：如果通過“字段管理”屏幕進行了任何字段更改，則任何已水平滾動的窗口都將被重置。但是，任何垂直滾動位置都不會受到影響。請參閱主題5c。滾動窗口以獲取有關垂直和水平滾動的其他信息。

互動命令

下面列出的是類別中命令的簡要索引。某些命令會多次出現-它們的含義或范圍可能會根據發出它們的上下文而有所不同。

全局命令

全局交互式命令始終在全屏模式和交替顯示模式下均可用。但是，在“安全模式”下運行時，其中一些交互式命令不可用。

如果您想提前知道自己的頂部是否固定，請尋求幫助并在第二行查看系統摘要。

or	刷新顯示這些命令將喚醒頂部，并且在收到任何輸入后，將重新繪制整個顯示。它們還會強制更新任何熱插拔的cpu或物理內存更改。如果您有較大的延遲間隔并希望查看當前狀態，請使用這些鍵之一。
? or h	幫助有兩個可用的幫助級別。第一個將提醒所有基本的交互式命令。如果頂部固定，則該屏幕將被縮寫。 Typing 'h' or '?' on that help screen will take you to help for those interactive commands applicable to alternate-display mode.
=	Exit-Task-Limits 刪除對顯示任務的限制。此命令將反轉任何可能處于活動狀態的“ i ”（空閑任務）和“ n ”（最大任務）命令。它還提供了來自pid監視和用戶篩選的“退出”。有關PID監視和有關用戶過濾的“ U ”或“ u ”交互式命令的討論，請參見“ -p ”命令行選項。此外，使用此命令將重置已滾動的任何窗口。
A	交替顯示模式切換此命令將在全屏模式和交替顯示模式之間切換。
B	粗體禁用/啟用切換此命令將影響對“粗體” terminfo功能的使用，并更改當前窗口的摘要區域和任務區域。盡管它主要用于啞終端，但可以隨時使用。注意：當此開關為開且top在單色模式下運行時，整個顯示將顯示為普通文本。因此，除非“ x ”或“ y ”切換使用反向來強調，否則將無法通過視覺確認它們是否均勻。
d or s	* Change-Delay-Time-interval 將提示您輸入顯示更新之間的延遲時間（以秒為單位）。小數秒是可以接受的，但是不允許使用負數。輸入0會導致（幾乎）連續更新，并且由于系統和tty驅動程序試圖滿足最高需求而顯示不令人滿意。延遲值與系統負載成反比，因此請謹慎設置。如果您想隨時了解當前延遲時間，請尋求幫助并在第二行查看系統摘要。
g	選擇另一個窗口/字段組將提示您輸入1到4之間的數字，指定應該成為當前窗口的字段組。您將很快對這4個窗口感到滿意，尤其是在嘗試了交替顯示模式之后。
H	線程模式切換啟用此切換時，將在所有可見任務窗口中為所有進程顯示單個線程。否則，top顯示每個進程中所有線程的總和。
I	Irix / Solaris模式切換在“ Solaris模式”下操作（“ I ”切換為“關閉”），任務的CPU使用率將除以CPU總數。發出此命令后，系統將告知您此切換開關的新狀態。
k	* Kill-a-task 將提示您輸入PID，然后發送信號。提示中反映的默認信號是SIGTERM。但是，您可以通過數字或名稱發送任何信號。如果要中止kill過程，請根據您的進度執行以下操作之一： 1) 在pid提示符下，只需按 2) 在信號提示符下，鍵入0
q	退出
r	* Renice-a-Task 將提示您輸入PID，然后將其值設置為nice。輸入正值將導致進程失去優先級。相反，負值將導致內核更有利地查看進程。
W	配置文件寫入此鍵保存所有選項，并進行切換以及當前的顯示模式和延遲時間。通過在退出top之前發出此命令，您將可以稍后以完全相同的狀態重新啟動。
Z	更改顏色映射此鍵將您帶到一個單獨的屏幕，您可以在其中更改當前窗口或所有窗口的顏色。有關此交互式命令的詳細信息，請參見主題4d。顏色映射。

*標有星號（*）的命令在“安全模式”下不可用，也不會在1級幫助屏幕上顯示。

摘要區域命令

摘要區域交互式命令在全屏模式和交替顯示模式下始終可用。它們會影響顯示的開始行，并將確定消息和提示的位置。

這些命令始終僅影響當前窗口/字段組。請參閱主題5。ALTERNATE-DISPLAY設置和“ g ”交互式命令，以了解當前的窗口和字段組。

l	加載平均/正常運行時間切換此命令也是在全屏模式下運行時包含程序名稱（可能是別名）的行，在交替顯示模式下運行時也是當前窗口名稱的行。
t	任務/ CPU狀態切換此命令影響2到許多摘要區域行，具體取決于“ 1 ”切換的狀態以及top是否在真實SMP下運行。摘要區域的此部分還受“ H ”交互式命令切換的影響，如顯示“任務”或“線程”的總標簽中所反映。
1	Single / Separate-Cpu-States切換此命令影響' t '命令的Cpu狀態部分的顯示方式。盡管此切換主要是為大規模并行SMP機器提供服務，但它不僅限于SMP環境。當您在摘要區域中看到“％Cpu（s）：”時，“ 1 ”切換打開，并且所有cpu信息都收集在一行中。否則，每個cpu分別顯示為：'％Cpu0，％Cpu1，...'，直至可用的屏幕高度。
m	Memory / Swap-Usage切換此命令影響處理物理和虛擬內存的兩條摘要區域行。

注意：如果對于任何窗口，整個摘要區域都已切換為“關閉”，則只剩下消息行。這樣，您將最大化可用的任務行，但是（臨時）在全屏模式下犧牲了程序名稱，而在交替顯示模式下犧牲了當前窗口名稱。

任務區命令

任務區交互式命令始終在全屏模式下可用。

如果當前窗口的任務顯示已切換為“關閉”，則任務區交互命令在交替顯示模式下將永遠不可用（請參閱主題5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY設置）。

任務窗口外觀

以下命令也將受到全局“ B ”（粗體啟用）切換狀態的影響。

b	粗體/反向切換此命令將影響' x '和' y '切換的顯示方式。此外，僅當這些切換開關中的至少一個打開時，它才可用。
x	列高亮切換更改當前排序字段的突出顯示。如果您忘記了要對哪個字段進行排序，則在顯示排序字段的情況下，此命令可以用作快速的視覺提醒。排序字段可能不可見，因為： 1) 屏幕寬度不足 2) 交互式命令“ f ”將其關閉
y	行高亮切換更改“正在運行”任務的突出顯示。使用此規定可提供有關系統運行狀況的重要見解。唯一的花費將是一些額外的tty轉義序列。
z	“顏色/單色”切換在當前使用的配色方案和較舊的黑白相間或黑白相間的形式之間切換當前窗口。此命令將同時更改摘要區域和任務區域，但不會影響“ x ”，“ y ”或“ b ”切換開關的狀態。

任務窗口的內容

c	命令行/程序名切換無論當前“命令”列是否可見，都將使用此命令。稍后，如果看到該字段，將看到您應用的更改。
f or F	字段管理這些鍵顯示一個單獨的屏幕，您可以在其中更改顯示哪些字段，它們的順序以及指定排序字段。
S	累積時間模式切換當“累積模式”為“開”時，將列出每個進程及其死子使用的CPU時間。禁用時，分叉到許多單獨任務中的程序的要求會降低。對于“ init”或shell這樣的程序，這是合適的，但對于其他程序，例如編譯器，則可能不合適。實驗兩個共享相同排序字段但具有不同“ S ”狀態的任務窗口，然后查看您喜歡哪種表示形式。發出此命令后，將通知您此切換開關的新狀態。如果您想提前知道“累積模式”是否有效，請尋求幫助并在第二行查看窗口摘要。
u or U	僅顯示特定用戶信息將提示您輸入要顯示的用戶ID或用戶名。' -u '選項與有效用戶匹配，而' -U '選項與任何用戶（真實，有效，保存或文件系統）匹配。此后，在該任務窗口中將僅顯示匹配的用戶，或者可能不會顯示任何進程。可以使用不同的任務窗口來篩選不同的用戶。以后，如果要在當前窗口中再次監視所有任務，請重新發出此命令，但在提示時按鍵。
V	Forest-View-Mode切換在此模式下，進程將根據其父級進行重新排序，并且COMMAND列的布局類似于樹的布局。在林視圖模式下，仍然可以在程序名稱和命令行之間切換（請參閱“ c ”交互式命令），或者在進程和線程之間進行切換（請參見“ H ”交互式命令）。

注意：鍵入影響排序順序的任何鍵都將在當前窗口中退出林視圖模式。請參閱主題4c。任務區域命令，正在排序以獲取有關這些鍵的信息。

任務窗口大小

空閑進程切換

顯示所有任務或僅活動任務。當此切換為“關閉”時，自上次更新以來未使用任何CPU的任務將不會顯示。但是，由于％CPU和TIME +字段的粒度，可能仍顯示某些進程似乎沒有使用CPU。

如果在交替顯示模式下將此命令應用于最后一個任務顯示，則它不會影響窗口的大小，因為所有先前的任務顯示均已繪制。

n or #

設置最大任務數

將提示您輸入要顯示的任務數。您的號碼出租人和可用的屏幕行將被使用。

在交替顯示模式下使用時，此命令可讓您精確控制每個當前可見任務顯示（最后一個除外）的大小。它不會影響最后一個窗口的大小，因為所有先前的任務顯示都已經被繪制。

注意：如果要在交替顯示模式下增加最后一個可見任務顯示的大小，請減小其上方的任務顯示的大小。

任務窗口排序

為了兼容性，此top支持大多數以前的top sort鍵。由于這主要是為以前的高級用戶提供的服務，因此這些命令不會出現在任何幫助屏幕上。

命令	排序字段	支持的
A	start time (non-display)	No
M	%MEM	Yes
N	PID	Yes
P	%CPU	Yes
T	TIME+	Yes

在使用以下任何一種排序規定之前，top建議您使用' x '交互式命令臨時打開列突出顯示。這將有助于確保實際的排序環境符合您的意圖。

僅當當前排序字段可見時，才會使用以下交互式命令。排序字段可能不可見，因為：

1) 屏幕寬度不足
2)' f '交互式命令將其關閉

<	Move-Sort-Field-Left 將排序列向左移動，除非當前排序字段是要顯示的第一個字段。
>	Move-Sort-Field-Right 除非當前排序字段是最后顯示的字段，否則將排序列向右移動。

無論當前的排序字段是否可見，以下交互式命令都將始終被接受。

f or F	字段管理這些鍵顯示一個單獨的屏幕，您可以在其中更改將哪個字段用作排序列以及其他功能。當在頂部突出顯示處于關閉狀態的情況下運行頂部時，此命令是驗證當前排序字段的便捷方法。
R	反向/正常排序字段切換使用此交互式命令，您可以在高到低和低到高排序之間進行切換。

注意

字段排序使用內部值，而不是列顯示中的內部值。因此，TTY和WCHAN字段將違反嚴格的ASCII整理順序。

替代顯示規定：Microsoft Windows

字段組/ Windows

在全屏模式下，整個屏幕代表一個窗口。仍然可以更改單個窗口以顯示4個不同字段組中的1個（請參見“ g ”交互式命令，以下重復）。4個字段組中的每一個都有一個獨特的可單獨配置的摘要區域和其自己的可配置任務區域。

在交替顯示模式下，這四個基礎字段組現在可以同時顯示，或者可以根據您的命令分別關閉。

摘要區域將始終存在，即使它只是消息行。在任何給定時間只能顯示一個摘要區域。但是，根據您的命令，當前可能會在屏幕上顯示零到四個單獨的任務顯示。

當前窗口

當前窗口是與摘要區域關聯的窗口以及與任務相關的命令始終指向的窗口。由于在備用顯示模式下，您可以將任務顯示切換為“關閉”，因此某些命令可能僅適用于當前窗口。

當您將第一個摘要區域行切換為“關閉”時，還會出現進一步的復雜情況。由于缺少窗口名稱（“ l ”切換線），您將不容易知道當前窗口是哪個窗口。

Windows命令

- (dash) or _ (underscore)	顯示/隱藏窗口切換 “ - ”鍵可打開和關閉當前窗口的任務顯示。啟用時，該任務區域將顯示您使用' f '交互式命令建立的最少列標題。它還將反映您應用的其他任何任務區域選項/切換，產生零個或多個任務。所有任務顯示 “ _ ”鍵都相同。換句話說，它會在當前可見的任務顯示和您已切換為關閉的任何任務顯示之間切換。如果當前所有四個任務顯示均可見，則此交互式命令將使摘要區域保留為唯一顯示元素。
= or +	* 均衡（重新平衡）窗口 ' = '鍵強制顯示當前窗口的任務顯示。它還會反轉任何可能處于活動狀態的' i '（空閑任務），' n '（最大任務）和' u '/' U '（用戶過濾器）命令。另外，如果窗口已滾動，則將使用此命令將其重置。 ' + '鍵對所有窗口都相同。四個任務顯示將重新出現，并保持平衡。他們還將保留您以前應用的所有自定義設置，但“ i ”（空閑任務），“ n ”（最大任務），“ u ” /” 除外'（用戶過濾器）和滾動交互式命令。
A	* 交替顯示模式切換此命令將在全屏模式和交替顯示模式之間切換。首次發出此命令時，將顯示所有四個任務顯示。此后，當您切換模式時，您只會看到已選擇使其可見的任務顯示。
a, w	* Next-Window-Forward / Backward 此命令更改當前窗口，從而更改命令所指向的窗口。這些鍵以循環方式起作用，因此您可以使用任一鍵到達任何所需的當前窗口。假設窗口名稱是可見的（您尚未切換“ l ”關閉），每當當前窗口名稱失去其強調/顏色時，就提醒您任務顯示為“關閉”并且許多命令將受到限制。
g	* 選擇另一個窗口/字段組將提示您輸入1到4之間的數字，指定應該成為當前窗口的字段組。在全屏模式下，此命令對于更改當前窗口是必需的。在交替顯示模式下，它不是' a '和' w '命令的較不方便的替代方法。
G	更改窗口/字段組名稱將提示您輸入一個新名稱以應用于當前窗口。它不要求窗口名稱可見（“ l ”切換為“開”）。

*帶有星號（*）的交互式命令的使用超出了交替顯示模式。

' = '，' A '，' g '始終可用。

' a '，' w '在顏色映射和字段管理中的作用相同。

滾動窗口

通常，任務窗口是系統總任務/線程的局部視圖，僅顯示一些可用的字段/列。使用這些滾動鍵，您可以垂直或水平移動該視圖以顯示任何所需的任務或列。

Up, PgUp	滾動任務將視圖向上移到第一個任務行，直到第一個任務顯示在當前窗口的頂部。當PgUp滾動整個窗口時，向上箭頭鍵移動一行。
Down, PgDn	滾動任務將視圖向下移到最后一個任務行，直到最后一個任務是當前窗口頂部顯示的唯一任務。當PgDn滾動整個窗口時，向下箭頭鍵將移動一行。
Left, Right	滾動列一次將可顯示字段的視圖水平移動一列。注意：提醒一下，某些字段/列不是固定寬度的，而是在可見時分配了所有剩余的屏幕寬度。向右或向左滾動時，該功能最初可能會產生一些意外的結果。
Home	跳轉到原位置將顯示重新定位到非滾動坐標。
End	跳轉到結束位置重新定位顯示，以便最右邊的列反映最后一個可顯示字段，而底部任務行代表最后一個任務。注意：從該位置，仍然可以使用箭頭鍵向下和向右滾動，直到將單個列和單個任務作為唯一顯示元素。
C	Show-scroll-coordinates切換切換每當不使用消息行時顯示的參考消息。 “ 滾動坐標：y = n / n（任務），x = n / n（字段） ” 顯示為n / n的坐標是相對于當前窗口的左上角。 y = n / n（任務）前n個代表最上面的可見任務，并由滾動鍵控制。第二個n自動更新以反映總任務。 x = n / n（字段）第一個n表示最左邊顯示的列，并由滾動鍵控制。第二個n是可顯示字段的總數，并使用' f '交互式命令建立。

如果當前窗口的任務顯示已關閉，則以上交互式命令始終在全屏模式下可用，而在交替顯示模式下則不可用。

在窗口中搜索

您可以使用這些交互式命令來查找包含特定值的任務行。

查找字符串

將提示您輸入區分大小寫的字符串，該字符串從當前窗口坐標開始。搜索字符串內容沒有限制。

搜索不限于單個字段或列中的值。搜索字符串中允許顯示任務行中顯示的所有值。您可以包括空格，數字，符號，甚至包括森林景觀藝術品。

在沒有輸入的情況下鍵入鍵將有效地禁用“＆”鍵，直到輸入新的搜索字符串為止。

定位下一個

假設已建立搜索字符串，top將嘗試查找下一個匹配項。

找到匹配項后，當前窗口將垂直重新放置，因此包含該字符串的任務行位于第一位。滾動坐標消息可以提供這種垂直重新定位的確認（請參見“ C ”交互式命令）。但是，水平滾動永遠不會通過搜索更改。

匹配字符串的可用性將受到以下因素的影響。

a. 從可用的總數中可以顯示哪些字段

b. 垂直或水平滾動窗口

c. 命令行/命令行切換器的狀態

d. 所選排序列的穩定性，例如PID很好，但％CPU不好。

如果搜索失敗，則恢復當前窗口的起始（未滾動）位置，水平滾動，顯示命令行或選擇更穩定的排序字段仍可能會產生成功的“＆”搜索。

如果當前窗口的任務顯示已關閉，則以上交互式命令始終在全屏模式下可用，而在交替顯示模式下則不可用。

注意：每次鍵入搜索鍵時，top都會強制打開空閑任務并關閉用戶篩選，以確保遇到每個任務。有關如何過濾顯示的任務的其他信息，請參見“ i ”和“ u / U”交互式命令。

檔案

系統配置文件

該文件的存在將影響向普通用戶顯示哪個版本的“幫助”屏幕。更重要的是，它將限制top運行時允許普通用戶執行的操作。他們將無法發出以下命令。

k	殺死一個任務
r	重做一項任務
d or s	更改延遲/睡眠間隔

系統配置文件不是按頂部創建的。相反，您可以手動創建此文件并將其放在/ etc目錄中。它的名稱必須是'toprc'，并且不能有前導' 。'（句號）。它必須只有兩行。

這是/ etc / toprc內容的示例：

s＃第1行：“安全”模式開關5.0＃第2行：“延遲”間隔（以秒為單位）

個人配置文件

該文件被寫為' $ HOME /。您的名字4-top '+' rc '。使用“ W ”交互式命令來創建或更新它。這是一般布局：

全局＃第1行：程序名稱/別名符號全局＃第2行：id，altscr，irixps，delay，curwin每個ea＃第a行：winname，fieldscur窗口＃第b行：winflags，sortindx，maxtasks窗口＃第c行：summclr ，msgsclr，headclr，taskclr

如果$ HOME變量不存在，則top將根據權限嘗試將個人配置文件寫入當前目錄。

技巧和竅門

當您提高計劃進度時，這些“技巧”中的許多技巧都是最有效的。因此，如果您具有權限，請計劃以一個不錯的值-10啟動它。

內核魔術

對于這些技巧，top需要全屏模式。

通過提示和幫助，用戶界面有意暗示延遲間隔限制為十分之一秒。但是，您可以自由設置任何所需的延遲。如果您希望按他的計劃安排最好地查看Linux，請嘗試延遲.09秒或更短的時間。

對于此實驗，請在X Windows下打開一個xterm并將其最大化。然后執行以下操作：

1. 通過以下方式提供調度增強和微小的延遲：nice -n -10 top -d.09
2. 保持對排序列的突出顯示為關閉，以最小化路徑長度
3. 打開對反行突出顯示以進行強調
4. 嘗試各種排序列（TIME / MEM可以正常工作），以及正常或反向排序以查看最活躍的進程
您將看到一個非常繁忙的Linux，它正在為您做所有的事情，但是沒有可用的程序來說明這一點。
在使用“黑底白字”顏色的xterm下，在頂部的“顏色映射”屏幕上，將任務顏色設置為黑色，并確保將任務突出顯示設置為粗體，而不是反向。然后將延遲間隔設置為.3秒左右。

在查看最活躍的進程之后，您將看到只是當前正在運行的任務的鬼影。
刪除現有的rcfile，或創建一個新的符號鏈接。啟動此新版本，然后鍵入“ T ”（密鑰，請參閱主題4c。任務區命令，排序），然后鍵入“ W ”和“ q ”。最后，使用-d0（零延遲）重新啟動程序。

您的顯示將以前頂速度的三倍刷新，這是300％的速度優勢。隨著頂部攀升到TIME階梯，在猜測頂部是否會達到頂部時，請耐心等待。

彈窗

對于這些技巧，top需要交替顯示模式。

在顯示3或4個任務的情況下，選擇除上一個任務以外的任何窗口，然后使用“ i ”命令切換開關關閉空閑進程。取決于您在何處應用“ i ”，有時會彈出幾個任務顯示，有時就像手風琴一樣，因為top會盡力分配空間。
對每個窗口的摘要行進行不同的設置：一個沒有內存（' m '）；另一個沒有狀態（“ t ”）；也許一無所有，只是消息行。然后按住' a '或' w '并觀察彈跳窗口的變化-跳躍窗口。
顯示所有4個窗口，并依次使用' i '命令切換將空閑進程設置為“關閉”。您剛剛進入了“極端反彈”區域。

大鳥窗

此技巧還需要交替顯示模式。

顯示所有4個窗口，并確保1：Def是當前窗口。然后，使用' n '交互式命令不斷增加窗口大小，直到所有其他任務顯示都“彈出嵌套”為止。當它們全部移位后，使用' _ '命令切換在所有可見/不可見窗口之間切換。這是一次真正的令人興奮的體驗。

top -hv | -bcHisS -d delay -n limit -u|U user | -p pid -w [cols]

Options

Note

The typically mandatory switches ('-') and even?whitespace?are completely optional.

-h \| -v	Help/Version Show library version and the usage?prompt, then quit.
-b	Batch-mode operation Starts top in 'Batch' mode, which could be useful for sending output from top to other programs or to a file. In this mode,?top?will not accept input and runs until the?iterations?limit you've set with the '-n' command-line option, or until killed.
-c	Command-line/Program-name toggle Starts top with the last remembered 'c' state reversed. Thus, if top was displaying command lines, now that field will show program names, and visa versa. See the 'c' interactive command for additional information.
-d?interval	Delay-time, where?interval?is represented as:?ss.tt?(secs.tenths) Specifies the delay between screen updates, and overrides the corresponding value in one's personal configuration file or the startup default. Later this can be changed with the 'd' or 's' interactive commands. Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed. In all cases, however, such changes are prohibited if top is running in 'Secure mode', except for?root?(unless the 's' command-line option was used).
-H	Threads-mode operation Instructs top to display individual threads. Without this command-line option a summation of all threads in each process is shown. Later this can be changed with the 'H' interactive command.
-i	Idle-process toggle Starts top with the last remembered 'i' state reversed. When this toggle is Off, tasks that have not used any CPU since the last update will not be displayed.
-n?limit	Number of iterations Specifies the maximum number of iterations, or frames,?top?should produce before ending.
-ppid	Monitor-PIDs mode, specified as:?-ppid1?-ppid2?... or?-ppid1,pid2,pid3?... Monitor only processes with specified process IDs. This option can be given up to 20 times, or you can provide a comma delimited list with up to 20 pids. Co-mingling both forms is permitted. A pid value of zero will be treated as the process id of the top program itself (once it is running). This command-line option only and should you want to return to normal operation, it is not necessary to quit and restart top -- just issue any of these interactive commands: '=', 'u' or 'U'. The 'p', 'u' and 'U' command-line options are mutually exclusive.
-s	Secure-mode operation Starts top with secure mode forced, even for root. This mode is far better controlled through the system configuration file (see topic 6. FILES).
-S	Cumulative-time toggle Starts top with the last remembered 'S' state reversed. When 'Cumulative time' mode is?On, each process is listed with the cpu time that it and its dead children have used. See the 'S' interactive command for additional information regarding this mode.
-u\|-U?user-id-or-name	User-filter-mode Display only processes with a?user id?or?user name?matching that given. The '-u' option matches the effective user whereas the '-U' option matches on any user (real, effective, saved, or filesystem). The 'p', 'u' and 'U' command-line options are mutually exclusive.
-w?number	Output-width-override In 'Batch' mode, when used without an argument top will format output using the COLUMNS= and LINES= environment variables, if set. Otherwise, width will be fixed at the maximum 512 columns. With an argument, output width can be decreased or increased (up to 512) but the number of rows is considered unlimited. In normal display mode, when used without an argument top will attempt to format output using the COLUMNS= and LINES= environment variables, if set. With an argument, output width can only be decreased, not increased. Whether using environment variables or an argument with -w, when not in 'Batch' mode actual terminal dimensions can never be exceeded. Note: Without the use of this command-line option, output width is always based on the terminal at which top was invoked whether or not in 'Batch' mode.

Summary Display

Each of the following areas are individually controlled through interactive commands.

Uptime and Load Averages

This section consists of a single line displaying the following:

program or window name, depending on display mode
current time and length of time since last boot
total number of users
system?load?avg over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes

Task and CPU States

This section consists of a minimum of two lines. In an SMP environment, additional lines can reflect individual CPU state percentages.

Line 1 shows total tasks or threads, depending on the state of the Threads-mode toggle. That total is further classified as:?running;?sleeping;?stopped;?zombie
Line 2 shows CPU state percentages based on the interval since the last refresh. Where two labels are shown below, those for more recent kernel versions are shown first:

us, user?: time running un-niced user processes
sy, system?: time running kernel processes
ni, nice?: time running niced user processes
wa, IO-wait?: time waiting for I/O completion
hi?: time spent servicing hardware interrupts
si?: time spent servicing software interrupts
st?: time stolen from this vm by the hypervisor

Memory Usage

This portion consists of two lines which may express values in kibibytes (KiB), mebibytes (MiB) or gibibytes (GiB) depending on the amount of?physical memory.

Line 1 reflects physical memory, classified as:?total,?used,?free,?buffers
Line 2 reflects virtual memory, classified as:?total,?used,?free,?cached

Fields / Columns

Listed below are top's available process fields (columns). They are shown in alphabetical order. You may customize their position and whether or not they are displayable with the 'f' or 'F' (Fields Management) interactive commands.

Any field is selectable as the sort field, and you control whether they are sorted high-to-low or low-to-high.

CGROUPS -- Control Groups

The names of the control group(s) to which a process belongs, or '-' if not applicable for that process.

Control Groups provide for allocating resources (cpu, memory, network bandwidth, etc.) among installation-defined groups of processes. They enable fine-grained control over allocating, denying, prioritizing, managing and monitoring those resources.

Many different hierarchies of "cgroups" can exist simultaneously on a system and each hierarchy is attached to one or more subsystems. A subsystem represents a single resource.

Note

The 'CGROUPS' field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width. When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated all remaining screen width (up to the maximum 512 characters).

CODE?-- Code Size (KiB). The amount of physical memory devoted to executable code, also known as the 'text resident set' size or TRS.
COMMAND?-- Command Name or Command Line. Display the command line used to start a task or the name of the associated program. You toggle between command line and name with 'c', which is both a command-line option and an interactive command. When you've chosen to display command lines, processes without a command line (like kernel threads) will be shown with only the program name in brackets (for example: "[ mrecoveryd ]"). Either form of display is subject to potential truncation if it's too long to fit in this field's current width. That width depends upon other fields selected, their order and the current screen width. This field may also be impacted by the 'forest view' display mode. See the 'V' interactive command for additional information regarding that mode.

Note: The 'COMMAND' field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width. When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated all remaining screen width (up to the maximum 512 characters).
%CPU?-- CPU Usage. The task's share of the elapsed CPU time since the last screen update, expressed as a percentage of total CPU time. In a true SMP environment, if 'Irix mode' is Off, top will operate in 'Solaris mode' where a task's cpu usage will be divided by the total number of CPUs. You toggle 'Irix/Solaris' modes with the 'I' interactive command.
DATA?-- Data + Stack Size (KiB). The amount of physical memory devoted to other than executable code, also known as the 'data resident set' size or DRS.
Flags?-- Task Flags. This column represents the task's current scheduling flags that are expressed in hexadecimal notation and with zeros suppressed. These flags are officially documented in .
GID?-- Group Id. The effective group ID.
GROUP?-- Group Name. The effective group name.
%MEM?-- Memory Usage (RES). A task's currently used share of available physical memory.
NI?-- Nice Value. The nice value of the task. A negative nice value means higher priority, whereas a positive nice value means lower priority. Zero in this field means priority will not be adjusted in determining a task's dispatchability.
nDRT?-- Dirty Pages Count. The number of pages that have been modified since they were last written to auxiliary storage. Dirty pages must be written to auxiliary storage before the corresponding physical memory location can be used for some other virtual page.
nMaj?-- Major Page Fault Count. The number of major page faults that have occurred for a task. A page fault occurs when a process attempts to read from or write to a virtual page that is not currently present in its address space. A major page fault is when auxiliary storage access is involved in making that page available.
nMin?-- Minor Page Fault count. The number of minor page faults that have occurred for a task. A page fault occurs when a process attempts to read from or write to a virtual page that is not currently present in its address space. A minor page fault does not involve auxiliary storage access in making that page available.
nTH?-- Number of Threads. The number of threads associated with a process.
P?-- Last used CPU (SMP). A number representing the last used processor. In a true SMP environment this will likely change frequently since the kernel intentionally uses weak affinity. Also, the very act of running top may break this weak affinity and cause more processes to change CPUs more often (because of the extra demand for cpu time).
PGRP?-- Process Group Id. Every process is member of a unique process group that is used for distribution of signals and by terminals to arbitrate requests for their input and output. When a process is created (forked), it becomes a member of the process group of its parent. By convention, this value equals the process ID (see PID) of the first member of a process group, called the process group leader.
PID?-- Process Id. The task's unique process ID, which periodically wraps, though never restarting at zero. In kernel terms, it is a dispatchable entity defined by a 'task_struct'.

This value may also be used as: a process group ID (see PGRP); a session ID for the session leader (see SID); a thread group ID for the thread group leader (see TGID); and a TTY process group ID for the process group leader (see TPGID).
PPID?-- Parent Process Id. The process ID (pid) of a task's parent.
PR?-- Priority. The scheduling priority of the task. If you see 'rt' in this field, it means the task is running under 'real time' scheduling priority.

Under linux, real time priority is somewhat misleading since traditionally the operating itself was not preemptable. And while the 2.6 kernel can be made mostly preemptable, it is not always so.
RES?-- Resident Memory Size (KiB). The non-swapped physical memory a task has used.
RUID?-- Real User Id.
RUSER?-- Real User Name.
S?-- Process Status. The status of the task which can be one of:

'D' = uninterruptible sleep
'R' = running
'S' = sleeping
'T' = traced or stopped
'Z' = zombie

Tasks shown as running should be more properly thought of as 'ready to run' -- their task_struct is represented on the Linux run-queue. Even without a true SMP machine, you may see numerous tasks in this state depending on top's delay interval and nice value.
SHR?-- Shared Memory Size (KiB). The amount of shared memory available to a task, that is typically not all resident. It reflects memory that could be potentially shared with other processes.
SID?-- Session Id. A session is a collection of process groups (see PGRP), usually established by the login shell. A newly forked process joins the session of its creator. By convention, this value equals the process ID (see PID) of the first member of the session, called the session leader, which is usually the login shell.
SUID?-- Saved User Id. The saved user ID.
SUPGIDS?-- Supplementary Group IDs. The IDs of any supplementary group(s) established at login or inherited from a task's parent. They are displayed in a comma delimited list.

Note: The 'SUPGIDS' field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width. When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated all remaining screen width (up to the maximum 512 characters).
SUPGRPS?-- Supplementary Group Names. The names of any supplementary group(s) established at login or inherited from a task's parent. They are displayed in a comma delimited list.

Note: The 'SUPGRPS' field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width. When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated all remaining screen width (up to the maximum 512 characters).
SUSER?-- Saved User Name. The saved user name.
SWAP?-- Swapped Size (KiB). The non-resident portion of a task's address space.
TGID?-- Thread Group Id. The ID of the thread group to which a task belongs. It is the PID of the thread group leader. In kernel terms, it represents those tasks that share an 'mm_struct'.
TIME?-- CPU Time. Total CPU time the task has used since it started. When 'Cumulative mode' is On, each process is listed with the cpu time that it and its dead children have used. You toggle 'Cumulative mode' with 'S', which is both a command-line option and an interactive command. See the 'S' interactive command for additional information regarding this mode.
TIME+?-- CPU Time (hundredths). The same as 'TIME', but reflecting more granularity through hundredths of a second.
TPGID?-- Tty Process Group Id. The process group ID of the foreground process for the connected?tty, or -1 if a process is not connected to a terminal. By convention, this value equals the process ID (see PID) of the process group leader (see PGRP).
TTY?-- Controlling Tty. The name of the controlling terminal. The TTY is usually the device (serial port, pty, etc.) from which the process was started, and which it uses for input or output. However, a task need not be associated with a terminal, in which case you'll see '?' displayed.
UID?-- User Id. The effective user ID of the task's owner.
USER?-- User Name. The effective user name of the task's owner.
VIRT?-- Virtual Memory Size (KiB). The total amount of virtual memory used by the task. It includes all code, data and shared libraries plus pages that have been swapped out and pages that have been mapped but not used.
WCHAN?-- Sleeping in Function. Depending on the availability of the kernel link map ('System.map'), this field shows the name or the address of the kernel function in which the task is currently sleeping. Running tasks displays a dash ('-') in this column.

By displaying this field, top's own working set could be increased by over 700 Kb, depending on the kernel version. Should that occur, your only means of reducing that overhead will be to stop and restart top.

Note: The 'WCHAN' field, unlike most columns, is not fixed-width. When displayed, it plus any other variable width columns will be allocated all remaining screen width (up to the maximum 512 characters).

Managing Fields

After pressing the interactive command 'f' or 'F' (Fields Management) you will be presented with a screen showing: 1) the current window name; 2) the designated sort field; 3) all fields in their current order along with descriptions. Entries marked with an asterisk are the currently displayed fields, screen width permitting.

As the on-screen instructions indicate, you navigate among the fields with the Up and Down arrow keys. The PgUp, PgDn, Home and End keys can also be used to quickly reach the first or last available field.
The Right arrow key selects a field for repositioning and the Left arrow key or thekey commits that field's placement.
The 'd' key or thebar toggles a field's display status, and thus the presence or absence of the asterisk.
The 's' key designates a field as the sort field. See topic 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SORTING for additional information regarding your selection of a sort field.
The 'a' and 'w' keys can be used to cycle through all available windows and the 'q' orkeys exit Fields Management.

The Fields Management screen can also be used to change the current window/field group in either full-screen mode or alternate-display mode. Whatever was targeted when 'q' orwas pressed will be made current as you return to the top display. See topic 5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY Provisions and the 'g' interactive command for insight into current windows and field groups.

Note: Any window that has been scrolled horizontally will be reset if any field changes are made via the Fields Management screen. Any vertical scrolled position, however, will not be affected. See topic 5c. SCROLLING a Window for additional information regarding vertical and horizontal scrolling.

Interactive Commands

Listed below is a brief index of commands within categories. Some commands appear more than once -- their meaning or scope may vary depending on the context in which they are issued.

Global Commands

The global interactive commands are always available in both full-screen mode and alternate-display mode. However, some of these interactive commands are not available when running in 'Secure mode'.

If you want to know in advance whether or not your top has been secured, ask for help and view the system summary on the second line.

?or?	Refresh-Display These commands awaken top and following receipt of any input the entire display will be repainted. They also force an update of any hotplugged cpu or physical memory changes. Use either of these keys if you have a large delay interval and wish to see current status.
??or?h	Help There are two help levels available. The first will provide a reminder of all the basic interactive commands. If top is secured, that screen will be abbreviated. Typing 'h' or '?' on that help screen will take you to help for those interactive commands applicable to alternate-display mode.
=	Exit-Task-Limits Removes restrictions on which tasks are shown. This command will reverse any 'i' (idle tasks) and 'n' (max tasks) commands that might be active. It also provides for an 'exit' from pid monitoring and user filtering. See the '-p' command-line option for a discussion of PID monitoring and the 'U' or 'u' interactive commands regarding user filtering. Additionally, any window that has been scrolled will be reset with this command.
A	Alternate-Display-Mode toggle This command will switch between full-screen mode and alternate-display mode.
B	Bold-Disable/Enable toggle This command will influence use of the 'bold' terminfo capability and alters both the summary area and task area for the current window. While it is intended primarily for use with dumb terminals, it can be applied anytime. Note: When this toggle is On and top is operating in monochrome mode, the entire display will appear as normal text. Thus, unless the 'x' or 'y' toggles are using reverse for emphasis, there will be no visual confirmation that they are even on.
d?or?s	?Change-Delay-Time-interval* You will be prompted to enter the delay time, in seconds, between display updates. Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed. Entering 0 causes (nearly) continuous updates, with an unsatisfactory display as the system and tty driver try to keep up with top's demands. The delay value is inversely proportional to system loading, so set it with care. If at any time you want to know the current delay time, ask for help and view the system summary on the second line.
g	Choose-Another-Window/Field-Group You will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the field group which should be made the current window. You will soon grow comfortable with these 4 windows, especially after experimenting with alternate-display mode.
H	Threads-mode toggle When this toggle is On, individual threads will be displayed for all processes in all visible task windows. Otherwise, top displays a summation of all threads in each process.
I	Irix/Solaris-Mode toggle When operating in 'Solaris mode' ('I' toggled Off), a task's cpu usage will be divided by the total number of CPUs. After issuing this command, you'll be told the new state of this toggle.
k	?Kill-a-task* You will be prompted for a PID and then the signal to send. The default signal, as reflected in the prompt, is SIGTERM. However, you can send any signal, via number or name. If you want to abort the kill process, do one of the following depending on your progress: 1) at the pid prompt, just press 2) at the signal prompt, type 0
q	Quit
r	?Renice-a-Task* You will be prompted for a PID and then the value to nice. Entering a positive value will cause a process to lose priority. Conversely, a negative value will cause a process to be viewed more favorably by the kernel.
W	Write-the-Configuration-File This key saves all of your options and toggles plus the current display mode and delay time. By issuing this command just before quitting top, you will be able restart later in exactly that same state.
Z	Change-Color-Mapping This key takes you to a separate screen where you can change the colors for the current window, or for all windows. For details regarding this interactive command see topic 4d. COLOR Mapping.

* The commands shown with an asterisk (*) are not available in 'Secure mode', nor will they be shown on the level-1 help screen.

Summary Area Commands

The summary area interactive commands are always available in both full-screen mode and alternate-display mode. They affect the beginning lines of your display and will determine the position of messages and prompts.

These commands always impact just the current window/field group. See topic 5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY Provisions and the 'g' interactive command for insight into current windows and field groups.

l	Load-Average/Uptime toggle This command is also the line containing the program name (possibly an alias) when operating in full-screen mode or the current window name when operating in alternate-display mode.
t	Task/Cpu-States toggle This command affects from 2 to many summary area lines, depending on the state of the '1' toggle and whether or not top is running under true SMP. This portion of the summary area is also influenced by the 'H' interactive command toggle, as reflected in the total label which shows either 'Tasks' or 'Threads'.
1	Single/Separate-Cpu-States toggle This command affects how the 't' command's Cpu States portion is shown. Although this toggle exists primarily to serve massively-parallel SMP machines, it is not restricted to solely SMP environments. When you see '%Cpu(s):' in the summary area, the '1' toggle is On and all cpu information is gathered in a single line. Otherwise, each cpu is displayed separately as: '%Cpu0, %Cpu1, ...' up to available screen height.
m	Memory/Swap-Usage toggle This command affects the two summary area lines dealing with physical and virtual memory.

Note: If the entire summary area has been toggled Off for any window, you would be left with just the message line. In that way, you will have maximized available task rows but (temporarily) sacrificed the program name in full-screen mode or the current window name when in alternate-display mode.

Task Area Commands

The task area interactive commands are always available in full-screen mode.

The task area interactive commands are never available in alternate-display mode if the current window's task display has been toggled Off (see topic 5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY Provisions).

Appearance Of Task Window

The following commands will also be influenced by the state of the global 'B' (bold enable) toggle.

b	Bold/Reverse toggle This command will impact how the 'x' and 'y' toggles are displayed. Further, it will only be available when at least one of those toggles is On.
x	Column-Highlight toggle Changes highlighting for the current sort field. If you forget which field is being sorted this command can serve as a quick visual reminder, providing the sort field is being displayed. The sort field might not be visible because: 1) there is insufficient Screen Width 2) the 'f' interactive command turned it Off
y	Row-Highlight toggle Changes highlighting for "running" tasks. Use of this provision provides important insight into your system's health. The only costs will be a few additional tty escape sequences.
z	Color/Monochrome toggle Switches the current window between your last used color scheme and the older form of black-on-white or white-on-black. This command will alter both the summary area and task area but does not affect the state of the 'x', 'y' or 'b' toggles.

Content Of Task Window

c	Command-Line/Program-Name toggle This command will be honored whether or not the 'COMMAND' column is currently visible. Later, should that field come into view, the change you applied will be seen.
f?or?F	Fields-Management These keys display a separate screen where you can change which fields are displayed, their order and also designate the sort field.
S	Cumulative-Time-Mode toggle When 'Cumulative mode' is On, each process is listed with the cpu time that it and its dead?children?have used. When Off, programs that fork into many separate tasks will appear less demanding. For programs like 'init' or a shell this is appropriate but for others, like compilers, perhaps not. Experiment with two task windows sharing the same sort field but with different 'S' states and see which representation you prefer. After issuing this command, you'll be informed of the new state of this toggle. If you want to know in advance whether or not 'Cumulative mode' is in effect, ask for help and view the window summary on the second line.
u?or?U	Show-Specific-User-Only You will be prompted for the uid or name of the user to display. The '-u' option matches on effective user whereas the '-U' option matches on any user (real, effective, saved, or filesystem). Thereafter, in that task window only matching users will be shown, or possibly no processes will be shown. Different task windows can be used to filter different users. Later, if you want to monitor all tasks again in the current window, re-issue this command but just pressat the prompt.
V	Forest-View-Mode toggle In this mode, processes are reordered according to their parents and the layout of the COMMAND column resembles that of a tree. In forest view mode it is still possible to toggle between program name and command line (see the 'c' interactive command) or between processes and threads (see the 'H' interactive command).

Note: Typing any key affecting the sort order will exit forest view mode in the current window. See topic 4c. TASK AREA Commands, SORTING for information on those keys.

Size Of Task Window

Idle-Process toggle

Displays all tasks or just active tasks. When this toggle is Off, tasks that have not used any CPU since the last update will not be displayed. However, due to the granularity of the %CPU and TIME+ fields, some processes may still be displayed that appear to have used no CPU.

If this command is applied to the last task display when in alternate-display mode, then it will not affect the window's size, as all prior task displays will have already been painted.

n?or?#

Set-Maximum-Tasks

You will be prompted to enter the number of tasks to display. The lessor of your number and available screen rows will be used.

When used in alternate-display mode, this is the command that gives you precise control over the size of each currently visible task display, except for the very last. It will not affect the last window's size, as all prior task displays will have already been painted.

Note: If you want to increase the size of the last visible task display when in alternate-display mode, decrease the size of the task display(s) above it.

Sorting Of Task Window

For compatibility, this top supports most of the former top sort keys. Since this is primarily a service to former top users, these commands do not appear on any help screen.

command	sorted-field	supported
A	start time (non-display)	No
M	%MEM	Yes
N	PID	Yes
P	%CPU	Yes
T	TIME+	Yes

Before using any of the following sort provisions, top suggests that you temporarily turn on column highlighting using the 'x' interactive command. That will help ensure that the actual sort environment matches your intent.

The following interactive commands will only be honored when the current sort field is visible. The sort field might not be visible because:

1) there is insufficient Screen Width
2) the 'f' interactive command turned it Off

<	Move-Sort-Field-Left Moves the sort column to the left unless the current sort field is the first field being displayed.
>	Move-Sort-Field-Right Moves the sort column to the right unless the current sort field is the last field being displayed.

The following interactive commands will always be honored whether or not the current sort field is visible.

f?or?F	Fields-Management These keys display a separate screen where you can change which field is used as the sort column, among other functions. This command can be a convenient way to verify the current sort field, when running top with column highlighting turned Off.
R	Reverse/Normal-Sort-Field toggle Using this interactive command you can alternate between high-to-low and low-to-high sorts.

Note

Field sorting uses internal values, not those in column display. Thus, the TTY and WCHAN fields will violate strict ASCII collating sequence.

Alternate-Display Provisions: Microsoft Windows

Field Groups/Windows

In full-screen mode there is a single window represented by the entire screen. That single window can still be changed to display 1 of 4 different field groups (see the 'g' interactive command, repeated below). Each of the 4 field groups has a unique separately configurable summary area and its own configurable task area.

In alternate-display mode, those 4 underlying field groups can now be made visible simultaneously, or can be turned Off individually at your command.

The summary area will always exist, even if it's only the message line. At any given time only one summary area can be displayed. However, depending on your commands, there could be from zero to four separate task displays currently showing on the screen.

Current Window

The current window is the window associated with the summary area and the window to which task related commands are always directed. Since in alternate-display mode you can toggle the task display Off, some commands might be restricted for the current window.

A further complication arises when you have toggled the first summary area line Off. With the loss of the window name (the 'l' toggled line), you'll not easily know what window is the current window.

Commands for Windows

-?(dash) or?_?(underscore)	Show/Hide-Window(s) toggles The '-' key turns the current window's task display On and Off. When On, that task area will show a minimum of the columns header you've established with the 'f' interactive command. It will also reflect any other task area options/toggles you've applied yielding zero or more tasks. The '_' key does the same for all task displays. In other words, it switches between the currently visible task display(s) and any task display(s) you had toggled Off. If all 4 task displays are currently visible, this interactive command will leave the summary area as the only display element.
=?or?+	?Equalize-(re-balance)-Window(s)* The '=' key forces the current window's task display to be visible. It also reverses any 'i' (idle tasks), 'n' (max tasks) and 'u'/'U' (user filter) commands that might be active. Also, if the window had been scrolled, it will be reset with this command. The '+' key does the same for all windows. The four task displays will reappear, evenly balanced. They will also have retained any customizations you had previously applied, except for the 'i' (idle tasks), 'n' (max tasks), 'u'/'U' (user filter) and scrolling interactive commands.
A	?Alternate-Display-Mode toggle* This command will switch between full-screen mode and alternate-display mode. The first time you issue this command, all four task displays will be shown. Thereafter when you switch modes, you will see only the task display(s) you've chosen to make visible.
a,?w	?Next-Window-Forward/Backward* This command changes the current window, which in turn changes the window to which commands are directed. These keys act in a circular fashion so you can reach any desired current window using either key. Assuming the window name is visible (you have not toggled 'l' Off), whenever the current window name loses its emphasis/color, that's a reminder the task display is Off and many commands will be restricted.
g	?Choose-Another-Window/Field-Group* You will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the field group which should be made the current window. In full-screen mode, this command is necessary to alter the current window. In alternate-display mode, it is a less convenient alternative to the 'a' and 'w' commands.
G	Change-Window/Field-Group-Name You will be prompted for a new name to be applied to the current window. It does not require that the window name be visible (the 'l' toggle to be On).

* The interactive commands shown with an asterisk (*) have use beyond alternate-display mode.

'=', 'A', 'g' are always available.'

'a', 'w' act the same with color mapping and fields management.

Scrolling a Window

Typically a task window is a partial view into a systems's total tasks/threads which shows only some of the available fields/columns. With these scrolling keys, you can move that view vertically or horizontally to reveal any desired task or column.

Up,?PgUp	Scroll-Tasks Move the view up toward the first task row, until the first task is displayed at the top of the current window. The Up arrow key moves a single line while PgUp scrolls the entire window.
Down,?PgDn	Scroll-Tasks Move the view down toward the last task row, until the last task is the only task displayed at the top of the current window. The Down arrow key moves a single line while PgDn scrolls the entire window.
Left,?Right	Scroll-Columns Move the view of displayable fields horizontally one column at a time. Note: As a reminder, some fields/columns are not fixed-width but allocated all remaining screen width when visible. When scrolling right or left, that feature may produce some unexpected results initially.
Home	Jump-to-Home-Position Reposition the display to the un-scrolled coordinates.
End	Jump-to-End-Position Reposition the display so that the rightmost column reflects the last displayable field and the bottom task row represents the last task. Note: From this position it is still possible to scroll down and right using the arrow keys until a single column and a single task is left as the only display element.
C	Show-scroll-coordinates toggle Toggle an informational message that is displayed whenever the message line is not otherwise being used. "scroll coordinates: y = n/n (tasks), x = n/n (fields)" The coordinates shown as n/n are relative to the upper left corner of the current window. y = n/n (tasks) The first n represents the topmost visible task and is controlled by scrolling keys. The second n is updated automatically to reflect total tasks. x = n/n (fields) The first n represents the leftmost displayed column and is controlled by scrolling keys. The second n is the total number of displayable fields and is established with the 'f' interactive command.

The above interactive commands are always available in full-screen mode but never available in alternate-display mode if the current window's task display has been toggled Off.

Searching in a Window

You can use these interactive commands to locate a task row containing a particular value.

Locate-a-string

You will be prompted for the case-sensitive string to locate starting from the current window coordinates. There are no restrictions on search string content.

Searches are not limited to values from a single field or column. All of the values displayed in a task row are allowed in a search string. You may include spaces, numbers, symbols and even forest view artwork.

Keyingwith no input will effectively disable the '&' key until a new search string is entered.

Locate-next

Assuming a search string has been established, top will attempt to locate the next occurrence.

When a match is found, the current window is repositioned vertically so the task row containing that string is first. The scroll coordinates message can provide confirmation of such vertical repositioning (see the 'C' interactive command). Horizontal scrolling, however, is never altered via searching.

The availability of a matching string will be influenced by the following factors.

a. Which fields are displayable from the total available

b. Scrolling a window vertically or horizontally

c. The state of the command/command-line toggle

d. The stability of the chosen sort column, for example PID is good but %CPU bad.

If a search fails, restoring the current window home (unscrolled) position, scrolling horizontally, displaying command-lines or choosing a more stable sort field could yet produce a successful '&' search.

The above interactive commands are always available in full-screen mode but never available in alternate-display mode if the current window's task display has been toggled Off.

Note:?Whenever a search key is typed, top forces idle tasks On and user filtering Off to ensure that every task is encountered. See the 'i' and 'u/U' interactive commands for additional information on how displayed tasks might be filtered.

Files

System Configuration File

The presence of this file will influence which version of the 'help' screen is shown to an ordinary user. More importantly, it will limit what ordinary users are allowed to do when top is running. They will not be able to issue the following commands.

k	Kill a task
r	Renice a task
d?or?s	Change delay/sleep interval

The system configuration file is not created by top. Rather, you create this file manually and place it in the /etc directory. Its name must be 'toprc' and must have no leading '.' (period). It must have only two lines.

Here is an example of the contents of?/etc/toprc:

s # line 1: 'secure' mode switch 5.0 # line 2: 'delay' interval in seconds

Personal Configuration File

This file is written as '$HOME/.your-name-4-top' + 'rc'. Use the 'W' interactive command to create it or update it. Here is the general layout:

global # line 1: the program name/alias notation global # line 2: id,altscr,irixps,delay,curwin per ea # line a: winname,fieldscur window # line b: winflags,sortindx,maxtasks window # line c: summclr,msgsclr,headclr,taskclr

If the?$HOME?variable is not present, top will try to write the personal configuration file to the current directory, subject to permissions.

Tips And Tricks

Many of these 'tricks' work best when you give top a scheduling boost. So plan on starting it with a nice value of -10, assuming you've got the authority.

Kernel Magic

For these tricks,?top?needs full-screen mode.

The user interface, through prompts and help, intentionally implies that the delay interval is limited to tenths of a second. However, you're free to set any desired delay. If you want to see Linux at his scheduling best, try a delay of .09 seconds or less.

For this experiment, under?X Windows?open an xterm and maximize it. Then do the following:

1. provide a scheduling boost and tiny delay via:nice -n -10 top -d.09
2. keep sorted column highlighting Off so as to minimize path length
3. turn On reverse row highlighting for emphasis
4. try various sort columns (TIME/MEM work well), and normal or reverse sorts to bring the most active processes into view

What you'll see is a very busy Linux doing what it's always done for you, but there was no program available to illustrate this.
Under an xterm using 'white-on-black' colors, on top's Color Mapping screen set the task color to black and be sure that task highlighting is set to bold, not reverse. Then set the delay interval to around .3 seconds.

After bringing the most active processes into view, what you'll see are the ghostly images of just the currently running tasks.
Delete the existing rcfile, or create a new symlink. Start this new version then type 'T' (a secret key, see topic 4c. Task Area Commands, SORTING) followed by 'W' and 'q'. Finally, restart the program with -d0 (zero delay).

Your display will be refreshed at three times the rate of the former top, a 300% speed advantage. As top climbs the TIME ladder, be as patient as you can while speculating on whether or not top will ever reach the top.

Bouncing Windows

For these tricks, top needs alternate-display mode.

With 3 or 4 task displays visible, pick any window other than the last and turn idle processes Off using the 'i' command toggle. Depending on where you applied 'i', sometimes several task displays are bouncing and sometimes it's like an accordion, as top tries his best to allocate space.
Set each window's summary lines differently: one with no memory ('m'); another with no states ('t'); maybe one with nothing at all, just the message line. Then hold down 'a' or 'w' and watch a variation on bouncing windows -- hopping windows.
Display all 4 windows and for each, in turn, set idle processes to Off using the 'i' command toggle. You've just entered the "extreme bounce" zone.

The Big Bird Window

This trick also requires alternate-display mode.

Display all 4 windows and make sure that 1:Def is the current window. Then, keep increasing window size with the 'n' interactive command until all the other task displays are "pushed out of the nest". When they've all been displaced, toggle between all visible/invisible windows using the '_' command toggle. It's a truly mind-bending experience.

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其他命令行

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-h \| -v	幫助/版本顯示庫版本和用法提示，然后退出。
-b	批處理模式操作以“批處理”模式從頂部開始，這對于將輸出從頂部發送到其他程序或文件很有用。在這種模式下，top將不接受輸入并運行，直到使用-n命令行選項設置的迭代限制或終止為止。
-c	命令行/程序名切換從頂部開始，最后記住的' c '狀態相反。因此，如果top在顯示命令行，則該字段將顯示程序名稱，反之亦然。有關其他信息，請參見' c '交互式命令。
-d interval	Delay-time，其中interval表示為：ss.tt（secs.tenths）指定屏幕更新之間的延遲，并覆蓋個人配置文件或啟動默認值中的相應值。稍后，可以使用“ d ”或“ s ”交互式命令來更改它。小數秒是可以接受的，但是不允許使用負數。但是，在所有情況下，如果top以“安全模式”運行，則除非root用戶，否則禁止進行此類更改（除非使用了' s '命令行選項）。
-H	線程模式操作指示top顯示單個線程。如果沒有此命令行選項，則顯示每個進程中所有線程的總和。以后，可以使用“ H ”交互式命令來更改它。
-i	空閑過程切換從上一個記住的“ i ”狀態倒轉開始。當此切換為“關閉”時，自上次更新以來未使用任何CPU的任務將不會顯示。
-n limit	迭代次數指定top在結束之前應該產生的最大迭代次數或幀數。
-ppid	監控-PID的模式，具體為：-p PID1 -p PID2 ...或-p PID1，PID2，PID3 ... 監控器僅在指定的進程ID處理。此選項最多可以給出20次，或者您可以提供一個逗號分隔列表，最多包含20個PID。允許將兩種形式混合在一起。 pid值為零將被視為頂級程序本身的進程ID（一旦運行）。僅當您要返回正常操作時才使用此命令行選項，無需退出并重新啟動top －只需發出以下任何交互式命令即可：' = '，' u '或' U '。 ' p '，'u '和' U '命令行選項是互斥的。
-s	安全模式操作即使強制使用root，也要從強制安全模式開始。通過系統配置文件可以更好地控制此模式（請參閱主題6.文件）。
-S	累積時間切換從上次記憶的“ S ”狀態倒轉開始。當“累計時間”模式為On時，將列出每個進程及其已死子進程所使用的cpu時間。有關此模式的更多信息，請參見“ S ”交互式命令。
-u\|-U user-id-or-name	用戶過濾器模式僅顯示具有與給定用戶名或用戶名匹配的用戶ID或用戶名的進程。' -u '選項與有效用戶匹配，而' -U '選項與任何用戶（真實，有效，保存或文件系統）匹配。 “ p ”，“ u ”和“ U ”命令行選項是互斥的。
-w number	Output-width-override 在“批處理”模式下，如果不使用參數top，則將使用COLUMNS =和LINES =環境變量（如果已設置）格式化輸出。否則，寬度將固定為最大512列。使用參數時，可以減少或增加輸出寬度（最大為512），但是行數被認為是無限的。在正常顯示模式下，如果不帶參數使用，top將嘗試使用COLUMNS =和LINES =環境變量（如果已設置）格式化輸出。帶有一個參數，輸出寬度只能減小，不能增加。無論是使用環境變量還是使用帶有-w的參數，如果不在“批處理”模式下，都不能超過實際端子尺寸。注意：在不使用此命令行選項的情況下，無論是否在“批處理”模式下，輸出寬度始終取決于調用頂部的終端。

or	刷新顯示這些命令將喚醒頂部，并且在收到任何輸入后，將重新繪制整個顯示。它們還會強制更新任何熱插拔的cpu或物理內存更改。如果您有較大的延遲間隔并希望查看當前狀態，請使用這些鍵之一。
? or h	幫助有兩個可用的幫助級別。第一個將提醒所有基本的交互式命令。如果頂部固定，則該屏幕將被縮寫。 Typing 'h' or '?' on that help screen will take you to help for those interactive commands applicable to alternate-display mode.
=	Exit-Task-Limits 刪除對顯示任務的限制。此命令將反轉任何可能處于活動狀態的“ i ”（空閑任務）和“ n ”（最大任務）命令。它還提供了來自pid監視和用戶篩選的“退出”。有關PID監視和有關用戶過濾的“ U ”或“ u ”交互式命令的討論，請參見“ -p ”命令行選項。此外，使用此命令將重置已滾動的任何窗口。
A	交替顯示模式切換此命令將在全屏模式和交替顯示模式之間切換。
B	粗體禁用/啟用切換此命令將影響對“粗體” terminfo功能的使用，并更改當前窗口的摘要區域和任務區域。盡管它主要用于啞終端，但可以隨時使用。注意：當此開關為開且top在單色模式下運行時，整個顯示將顯示為普通文本。因此，除非“ x ”或“ y ”切換使用反向來強調，否則將無法通過視覺確認它們是否均勻。
d or s	* Change-Delay-Time-interval 將提示您輸入顯示更新之間的延遲時間（以秒為單位）。小數秒是可以接受的，但是不允許使用負數。輸入0會導致（幾乎）連續更新，并且由于系統和tty驅動程序試圖滿足最高需求而顯示不令人滿意。延遲值與系統負載成反比，因此請謹慎設置。如果您想隨時了解當前延遲時間，請尋求幫助并在第二行查看系統摘要。
g	選擇另一個窗口/字段組將提示您輸入1到4之間的數字，指定應該成為當前窗口的字段組。您將很快對這4個窗口感到滿意，尤其是在嘗試了交替顯示模式之后。
H	線程模式切換啟用此切換時，將在所有可見任務窗口中為所有進程顯示單個線程。否則，top顯示每個進程中所有線程的總和。
I	Irix / Solaris模式切換在“ Solaris模式”下操作（“ I ”切換為“關閉”），任務的CPU使用率將除以CPU總數。發出此命令后，系統將告知您此切換開關的新狀態。
k	* Kill-a-task 將提示您輸入PID，然后發送信號。提示中反映的默認信號是SIGTERM。但是，您可以通過數字或名稱發送任何信號。如果要中止kill過程，請根據您的進度執行以下操作之一： 1) 在pid提示符下，只需按 2) 在信號提示符下，鍵入0
q	退出
r	* Renice-a-Task 將提示您輸入PID，然后將其值設置為nice。輸入正值將導致進程失去優先級。相反，負值將導致內核更有利地查看進程。
W	配置文件寫入此鍵保存所有選項，并進行切換以及當前的顯示模式和延遲時間。通過在退出top之前發出此命令，您將可以稍后以完全相同的狀態重新啟動。
Z	更改顏色映射此鍵將您帶到一個單獨的屏幕，您可以在其中更改當前窗口或所有窗口的顏色。有關此交互式命令的詳細信息，請參見主題4d。顏色映射。

l	加載平均/正常運行時間切換此命令也是在全屏模式下運行時包含程序名稱（可能是別名）的行，在交替顯示模式下運行時也是當前窗口名稱的行。
t	任務/ CPU狀態切換此命令影響2到許多摘要區域行，具體取決于“ 1 ”切換的狀態以及top是否在真實SMP下運行。摘要區域的此部分還受“ H ”交互式命令切換的影響，如顯示“任務”或“線程”的總標簽中所反映。
1	Single / Separate-Cpu-States切換此命令影響' t '命令的Cpu狀態部分的顯示方式。盡管此切換主要是為大規模并行SMP機器提供服務，但它不僅限于SMP環境。當您在摘要區域中看到“％Cpu（s）：”時，“ 1 ”切換打開，并且所有cpu信息都收集在一行中。否則，每個cpu分別顯示為：'％Cpu0，％Cpu1，...'，直至可用的屏幕高度。
m	Memory / Swap-Usage切換此命令影響處理物理和虛擬內存的兩條摘要區域行。

b	粗體/反向切換此命令將影響' x '和' y '切換的顯示方式。此外，僅當這些切換開關中的至少一個打開時，它才可用。
x	列高亮切換更改當前排序字段的突出顯示。如果您忘記了要對哪個字段進行排序，則在顯示排序字段的情況下，此命令可以用作快速的視覺提醒。排序字段可能不可見，因為： 1) 屏幕寬度不足 2) 交互式命令“ f ”將其關閉
y	行高亮切換更改“正在運行”任務的突出顯示。使用此規定可提供有關系統運行狀況的重要見解。唯一的花費將是一些額外的tty轉義序列。
z	“顏色/單色”切換在當前使用的配色方案和較舊的黑白相間或黑白相間的形式之間切換當前窗口。此命令將同時更改摘要區域和任務區域，但不會影響“ x ”，“ y ”或“ b ”切換開關的狀態。

c	命令行/程序名切換無論當前“命令”列是否可見，都將使用此命令。稍后，如果看到該字段，將看到您應用的更改。
f or F	字段管理這些鍵顯示一個單獨的屏幕，您可以在其中更改顯示哪些字段，它們的順序以及指定排序字段。
S	累積時間模式切換當“累積模式”為“開”時，將列出每個進程及其死子使用的CPU時間。禁用時，分叉到許多單獨任務中的程序的要求會降低。對于“ init”或shell這樣的程序，這是合適的，但對于其他程序，例如編譯器，則可能不合適。實驗兩個共享相同排序字段但具有不同“ S ”狀態的任務窗口，然后查看您喜歡哪種表示形式。發出此命令后，將通知您此切換開關的新狀態。如果您想提前知道“累積模式”是否有效，請尋求幫助并在第二行查看窗口摘要。
u or U	僅顯示特定用戶信息將提示您輸入要顯示的用戶ID或用戶名。' -u '選項與有效用戶匹配，而' -U '選項與任何用戶（真實，有效，保存或文件系統）匹配。此后，在該任務窗口中將僅顯示匹配的用戶，或者可能不會顯示任何進程。可以使用不同的任務窗口來篩選不同的用戶。以后，如果要在當前窗口中再次監視所有任務，請重新發出此命令，但在提示時按鍵。
V	Forest-View-Mode切換在此模式下，進程將根據其父級進行重新排序，并且COMMAND列的布局類似于樹的布局。在林視圖模式下，仍然可以在程序名稱和命令行之間切換（請參閱“ c ”交互式命令），或者在進程和線程之間進行切換（請參見“ H ”交互式命令）。